Q: Which equation correctly represents the calculation of partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) in $$plasma, given total pressure ($$P_{total}) $$and mole fraction of oxygen ($$X_{O_2$}$$)?

$$P_{O_2$} = P_{total} \times X_{O_2$}$$

Question 1

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure of blood and acts as a carrier for various substances?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 2

A patient with liver failure is likely to have impaired blood clotting. Which plasma protein deficiency best explains this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a cellular element found in blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

During an allergic reaction, which cell releases histamine and what is the effect on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Basophil; dilation of blood vessels

Question 5

Which immune cell is classified as both a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

Accepted Answer

Monocyte

Question 6

What is the primary function of the membrane attack complex formed during the complement cascade?

Accepted Answer

To lyse pathogen cells by creating pores in their membranes

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events in antigen presentation by a macrophage?

Accepted Answer

Macrophage engulfs antigen → antigen binds to MHC → MHC-antigen complex is presented to T cell

Question 8

Which chemical of the immune response acts as an opsonin, enhancing phagocytosis by coating pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Acute phase proteins

Question 9

A patient presents with swelling and redness at an infection site. Which chemical is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 10

Which immune cell is primarily involved in acquired immunity and is activated by antigen presentation?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocyte

Question 11

Which signaling pathway is activated when IL-2 binds to its receptor on a helper T cell, promoting proliferation and survival?

Accepted Answer

MAPK/Erk

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct equation for calculating the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$contributed by plasma proteins, using van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = RTC$$

Question 13

Which cell type is most likely to increase in number during a parasitic infection?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of transferrin in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Iron transport

Question 15

A patient with chronic inflammation is likely to have elevated levels of which plasma protein?

Accepted Answer

Acute phase proteins

Question 16

Which equation best represents the relationship between blood volume ($$V$$), hematocrit ($$H$$), and plasma volume ($$V_p$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$V_p = V 	imes (1 - H)$$

Question 17

Which immune cell is responsible for releasing cytokines that recruit other immune cells to the site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the neuro-endocrine-immune interaction model?

Accepted Answer

Immune, endocrine, and nervous systems interact via cytokines, hormones, and neuropeptides

Question 19

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) in $$plasma, given total pressure ($$P_{total}) $$and mole fraction of oxygen ($$X_{O_2$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{O_2$} = P_{total} 	imes X_{O_2$}$$

Question 20

Which cell is most likely to be involved in the initial detection and presentation of antigens to T cells?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cell

Blood Composition and Immune System: Structure, Function, and Communication

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