$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin binds and transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

Question 2

A patient with type A- blood receives a transfusion of type AB+ blood. Which of the following reactions is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A severe transfusion reaction due to the presence of B antigens and Rh factor in the donor blood.

Question 3

Which phase of hemostasis involves the formation of a platelet plug?

Accepted Answer

Platelet phase

Question 4

Which vessel type is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 5

During the cardiac cycle, what event immediately follows atrial systole?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole

Question 6

Which structure acts as the pacemaker of the heart by spontaneously generating action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and force of contraction.

Question 8

Given a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL, what is the cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 9

Which lymphocyte type is primarily responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of innate (nonspecific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

It includes physical barriers and inflammation.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension, making it easier for the lungs to expand.

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents the major way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Question 13

Which respiratory structure is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and is responsible for filtering and humidifying air?

Accepted Answer

Upper respiratory tract

Question 14

A patient is experiencing an asthma attack. Which of the following best describes what is happening in their bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

Bronchoconstriction and inflammation

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why air moves into the lungs during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Intra-alveolar pressure becomes lower than barometric pressure due to increased thoracic volume.

Question 16

Which part of the brain contains the primary centers for respiratory control?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata and pons

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the route of blood flow through the heart, starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the pleura in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

They are serous membranes that reduce friction and help hold the lungs to the thoracic wall.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and providing immune defense

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs, while systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels, Lymphatic, and Respiratory Systems: Structured Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions