Question 1

A blood sample is centrifuged and separates into three layers. Which layer contains the majority of the body's oxygen-carrying capacity, and what is its approximate percentage of whole blood?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes; 45%

Question 2

Which plasma protein is most abundant and primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 3

A patient presents with a deficiency in vitamin K. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of clotting factors for coagulation

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of erythrocytes’ biconcave shape?

Accepted Answer

It allows for increased flexibility to pass through capillaries and maximizes surface area for gas exchange.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence in erythropoiesis from stem cell to mature erythrocyte?

Accepted Answer

Hematopoietic stem cell → Myeloid stem cell → Proerythroblast → Basophilic erythroblast → Polychromatic erythroblast → Orthochromatic erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

Question 6

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why mature erythrocytes cannot repair themselves after damage?

Accepted Answer

They lack a nucleus and organelles necessary for protein synthesis.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of leukocytes but NOT erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Defending the body against pathogens

Question 9

A patient with a high neutrophil count is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A bacterial infection

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug at the site of blood vessel injury.

Question 11

Which plasma protein is responsible for forming fibrin threads during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 12

A patient with a genetic mutation resulting in abnormal beta chains of hemoglobin is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens on erythrocytes.

Question 14

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is known as a 'bacteria slayer'?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the fate of heme after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile.

Question 16

A patient with a deficiency in intrinsic factor is unable to absorb which vitamin, leading to which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; Pernicious anemia

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the iron atom in the heme group of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

It binds reversibly with oxygen for transport.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining osmotic pressure and acting as buffers

Question 19

A patient with a high eosinophil count is most likely suffering from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A parasitic worm infection or allergic reaction

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why plasma is considered the matrix of blood?

Accepted Answer

It is the nonliving fluid component in which formed elements are suspended.

Blood: Structure, Composition, and Function

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