Question 1

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes (red blood cells) have a biconcave shape?

Accepted Answer

To maximize their surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange

Question 2

A patient presents with pale skin, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Laboratory tests reveal a low hematocrit and microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes. Which type of anemia is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining blood osmotic pressure and transporting substances?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A person with type AB+ blood can safely receive which of the following blood types in a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

Any ABO and Rh type (universal recipient)

Question 5

Which of the following equations represents the buffering system that helps regulate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 6

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the development of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Hematopoietic stem cell → Proerythroblast → Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of fibrinogen in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to fibrin, forming a mesh that stabilizes the blood clot

Question 9

A patient with hemophilia A is deficient in which clotting factor?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Their erythrocytes lack A and B antigens

Question 11

Which leukocyte is most abundant in the blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytizing bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

A woman who is Rh- becomes pregnant with an Rh+ fetus. What is the risk in subsequent pregnancies if she is not treated?

Accepted Answer

She will develop antibodies that can cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBCs

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of platelets?

Accepted Answer

Secreting vasoconstrictors and forming plugs to stop bleeding

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the fate of iron after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is stored in the liver as ferritin or transported in the blood by transferrin

Question 15

Which of the following is a potential consequence of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Tissue hypoxia

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why blood is classified as a connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

It consists of cells suspended in a nonliving matrix (plasma)

Question 17

Which of the following triggers the release of erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia)

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of agglutination in the context of blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

Clumping of red blood cells due to antibody binding to foreign antigens

Question 19

A patient with a genetic disorder cannot produce heme. Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Extreme sensitivity to light and craving for iron

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Secrete antibodies and provide immune memory

Blood: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

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