Question 1

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and a hematocrit of 28%. Laboratory results show microcytic, hypochromic RBCs. Which type of anemia is most likely present, and what is the primary cause?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia; inadequate iron for hemoglobin synthesis

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It helps retain water in the blood by osmosis.

Question 3

A patient with type B negative (B-) blood receives a transfusion of type AB positive (AB+) blood. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination due to anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient's plasma.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of CO$$_2 to $$bicarbonate in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 5

A patient with a platelet count of 18,000/mm$$^3 is at $$greatest risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Catastrophic bleeding (purpura)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O negative (O-) blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs lack A, B, and Rh antigens.

Question 7

A newborn develops jaundice, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly shortly after birth. The mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the blood clotting mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 9

A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is most likely to present with which of the following findings?

Accepted Answer

Marked B lymphocytic leukocytosis and painless lymph node enlargement

Question 10

Which laboratory test is most useful for monitoring the effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy and is standardized using the International Normalized Ratio (INR)?

Accepted Answer

Prothrombin time (PT) test

Question 11

A patient with a genetic disorder has RBCs that become sickle-shaped under low oxygen conditions. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Blood stasis, clotting, and painful crises

Question 12

Which of the following white blood cells is most numerous and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 13

A patient is found to have normocytic, normochromic anemia with a low reticulocyte count and pancytopenia. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin K in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

It is necessary for the synthesis of several clotting factors.

Question 15

A patient with a history of alcohol abuse presents with anemia. Laboratory findings show macrocytic RBCs and low folate levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Folate deficiency anemia

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why a person with chronic kidney disease may develop anemia?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production leads to reduced RBC formation.

Question 17

Which of the following is a major risk associated with polycythemia?

Accepted Answer

Slow blood flow and increased risk of clotting

Question 18

A patient with hemophilia A is most likely to have a deficiency in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of B lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Secrete antibodies as plasma cells

Question 20

A patient with a WBC count of 15,000/mm$$^3$$ and a high percentage of neutrophils is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial infection

Blood: Structure, Function, and Disorders

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