Q: A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and a hematocrit of 25%. Which of the following equations correctly calculates hematocrit ($$Hct) if $$the volume of RBCs is 1.2 L and the total blood volume is 5 L?

$$Hct = \frac{1.2}{5} \times 100 = 24\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and a hematocrit of 25%. Which of the following equations correctly calculates hematocrit ($$Hct) if $$the volume of RBCs is 1.2 L and the total blood volume is 5 L?

Accepted Answer

$$Hct = \frac{1.2}{5} 	imes 100 = 24\%$$

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and preventing excessive fluid loss from blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Albumins

Question 4

A patient with type O negative blood is considered a universal donor. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs lack A, B, and Rh antigens

Question 5

Which of the following is a likely consequence of vitamin K deficiency in a newborn?

Accepted Answer

Impaired blood clotting due to reduced synthesis of clotting factors

Question 6

A patient with a history of chronic ulcers develops anemia. Laboratory results show low hemoglobin and hematocrit, with normocytic, normochromic RBCs. What type of anemia is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Chronic hemorrhagic anemia

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which heparin acts as an anticoagulant?

Accepted Answer

Heparin inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Question 8

A 6-year-old child presents with fever, bone pain, and marked leukocytosis. Bone marrow biopsy reveals increased lymphoblasts. Which diagnosis is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of CO$$_2 to $$bicarbonate in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Question 10

A patient with sickle cell disease experiences a crisis after climbing a mountain. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen tension causes hemoglobin S to polymerize, distorting RBC shape

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of neutrophils in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They are the most numerous phagocytes and increase during bacterial infections

Question 12

A patient with a platelet count of 15,000/mm$$^3$$ presents with purpura and mucosal bleeding. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why a person with type AB blood is considered a universal recipient?

Accepted Answer

Their plasma lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 14

A patient with a genetic defect in the gene for factor VIII presents with repeated joint bleeding and easy bruising. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia A

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of Coumadin (warfarin) on the clotting mechanism?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the synthesis of prothrombin, delaying clotting

Question 16

A patient with Mediterranean ancestry presents with severe anemia, skeletal deformities, and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory findings show microcytic, hypochromic RBCs and hemoglobin of 6 g/100 mL. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Thalassemia major

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of basophils in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They secrete histamine and heparin, mediating inflammation

Question 18

A patient with a history of cancer chemotherapy develops pancytopenia (low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets). Which type of anemia is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Aplastic anemia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of phagocytosis by neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils engulf and digest bacteria using lysosomes

Question 20

A patient with a history of multiple blood transfusions develops jaundice, splenomegaly, and gallstones. Laboratory findings show increased bilirubin and decreased RBC lifespan. Which type of anemia is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Blood: Structure, Function, and Disorders

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