Question 1

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave in shape and lack a nucleus?

Accepted Answer

To maximize their flexibility and surface area for gas exchange

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and a low hematocrit. Laboratory results show microcytic, hypochromic RBCs. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between pH, hydrogen ion concentration $$[H^+]$$, and the definition of neutral pH?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 4

Which plasma protein is most abundant and primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 5

A patient with chronic atrophic gastritis develops macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophils. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Lack of intrinsic factor leading to vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme portion of hemoglobin after RBC destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to bilirubin, transported to the liver, and excreted in bile

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia and stimulates erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 8

A patient with a genetic mutation resulting in abnormal beta-globin chains experiences pain and poor oxygen delivery during exercise. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of diapedesis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of leukocytes out of capillaries into tissues

Question 10

Which white blood cell type is most numerous in normal blood and is a key phagocyte in bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 11

A patient with a platelet count of 30,000/μl presents with widespread petechiae. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation → Clot retraction and fibrinolysis

Question 13

Which clotting factor is directly responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Thrombin (Factor IIa)

Question 14

A patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion. Which of the following is the most immediate risk?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of donor RBCs

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why individuals with type O blood are considered universal donors?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs lack both A and B antigens

Question 16

Which of the following is a risk factor for thromboembolic disorders?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Question 17

A patient with liver failure is at increased risk for bleeding because the liver:

Accepted Answer

Synthesizes most clotting factors

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin K in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

It is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver

Question 19

A patient with a history of atrial fibrillation is prescribed warfarin. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

It interferes with vitamin K-dependent synthesis of clotting factors

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may experience both excessive clotting and severe bleeding?

Accepted Answer

Clotting factors are consumed faster than they can be produced

Blood: Structure, Function, and Disorders (Chapter 17 Study Guide)

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