Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of precapillary sphincters in the microcirculation?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the flow of blood from arterioles into capillaries by contracting or relaxing.

Question 2

A patient stands up quickly from a lying position and feels dizzy. Which of the following best explains the immediate physiological response involving baroreceptors?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor firing decreases, leading to increased sympathetic output and vasoconstriction.

Question 3

Which equation correctly calculates Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) using systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = SBP + 2(DBP) \over 3$$

Question 4

Which vessel type contains the largest proportion of the body’s total blood volume at any given time?

Accepted Answer

Systemic veins and venules

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

Increased excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, leading to decreased blood volume and pressure.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves, but arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins carry blood under low pressure and need valves to prevent backflow, especially in the limbs.

Question 7

A patient with chronic hypertension is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. Which step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system does this medication directly affect?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 8

Which of the following changes would most likely result in an increase in blood pressure, according to the equation $$BP = CO 	imes R$$?

Accepted Answer

An increase in peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction

Question 9

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between arteries and veins as seen in histological cross-section?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.

Question 11

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. Calculate their mean arterial pressure (MAP) using the formula $$MAP = 1/3 (SBP - DBP) + DBP.$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 93.3\ mmHg$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing.

Question 13

Which cranial nerve carries sensory impulses from the carotid body baroreceptors to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely cause peripheral edema?

Accepted Answer

Increased central venous pressure due to a weakly beating right heart

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

It causes vasoconstriction, increasing peripheral resistance and blood pressure.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of vessel and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Capillary – exchange of substances between blood and tissues

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla and increases both heart rate and blood pressure during stress?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely result from a loss of venous valves in the lower limbs?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of varicose veins due to blood pooling

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

It increases peripheral resistance, leading to higher blood pressure.

Question 20

Which vessel is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Inferior vena cava

Blood Vessels and Circulation: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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