Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between arteries and veins as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker walls, a thicker tunica media, and more elastic membranes compared to veins.

Question 2

In the second image, which vessel type is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes with tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 3

Based on the third image, what is the main function of the pulmonary circulation?

Accepted Answer

To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange

Question 4

Referencing the fourth image, which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between blood flow (F), pressure gradient (ΔP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

$F = \frac{\Delta P}{TPR}$

Question 6

If the radius of a blood vessel is reduced by half, how does the resistance to blood flow change?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by 16 times

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why capillaries have the slowest blood flow velocity?

Accepted Answer

They have the largest total cross-sectional area

Question 8

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$MAP = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(120-80) = 93.3$ mmHg

Question 9

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a factor that aids venous return to the heart?

Accepted Answer

High arterial pressure

Question 10

Which type of capillary is most permeable and found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillary

Question 11

If a patient has a chronic increase in blood pressure, which long-term mechanism will the kidneys use to help restore homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Direct elimination of more water in urine to decrease blood volume

Question 12

Which hormone decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP) by causing vasodilation and increased salt and water loss in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 13

A blockage in which vessel would most directly reduce blood flow to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Common carotid artery

Question 14

Which of the following is a unique feature of veins compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Presence of valves to prevent backflow

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing before entering systemic circulation.

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result from a ruptured aneurysm in a large artery?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood flow to the affected tissue and possible death

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → venae cavae

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why blood pressure is lower in veins than in arteries?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral resistance dissipates most of the pressure energy as heat before blood reaches the veins

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the baroreceptor reflex?

Accepted Answer

To decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP) when blood pressure rises by inhibiting the vasomotor center

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the lymphatic system's relationship to the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels return excess interstitial fluid to the venous system near the heart

Blood Vessels and Circulatory Pathways: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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