Question 1

Which layer of a blood vessel is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and what type of tissue composes this layer?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media; composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Question 2

If a patient’s blood pressure is measured at 120/80 mmHg, what is their pulse pressure, and how is it calculated?

Accepted Answer

$Pulse\ pressure = Systolic\ pressure - Diastolic\ pressure = 120\ mmHg - 80\ mmHg = 40\ mmHg$

Question 3

Which of the following changes would most directly increase peripheral resistance and therefore increase blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction (decreasing vessel radius)

Question 4

A patient with liver disease develops edema. Which of the following best explains the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma protein concentration, reducing capillary osmotic pressure

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta P = CO 	imes PR$

Question 6

Which vessel type is the primary site of nutrient and gas exchange, and what structural feature allows this function?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries; thin walls composed of endothelium

Question 7

A patient is experiencing anaphylactic shock, which is characterized by excessive vasodilation. What is the most likely effect on blood pressure and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure decreases due to decreased peripheral resistance

Question 8

Which of the following hormones increases blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Question 9

During exercise, skeletal muscle perfusion increases. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for this local increase in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic mechanism causing vasodilation in response to low O$_2$ and high CO$_2$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of valves in veins?

Accepted Answer

Prevent backflow of blood and assist venous return to the heart

Question 11

A patient with a blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg has a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of approximately:

Accepted Answer

$MAP = Diastolic\ pressure + \frac{1}{3} (Systolic\ pressure - Diastolic\ pressure) = 70 + \frac{1}{3}(110-70) = 70 + 13.3 \approx 83\ mmHg$

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely result in a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker walls and no valves, while veins have thinner walls, larger lumens, and valves

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased blood vessel length on peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increases peripheral resistance and increases blood pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment for hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increasing sugar intake

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why blood velocity is slowest in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have the largest total cross-sectional area, allowing more time for exchange

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in increased local perfusion to a tissue?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic activity causing vasodilation of arterioles

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the vasa vasorum in large blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Supply blood to the outer layers of large vessels

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on blood vessels and the heart?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction and increased heart rate

Question 20

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which capillaries exchange gases and nutrients with tissues?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion and osmosis through gaps and fenestrations

Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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