Question 1

Which layer of the artery wall is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure through contraction and dilation, and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pressure of 150/95 mmHg. Calculate their pulse pressure and determine if it is considered abnormally high.

Accepted Answer

Pulse pressure = $$150 - 95 = 55$$ mmHg; this is abnormally high.

Question 3

Which of the following blood vessels is most susceptible to atherosclerosis, and why?

Accepted Answer

The aorta, because it is a large elastic artery exposed to high pressure.

Question 4

What is the correct sequence of vessel wall layers from superficial to deep?

Accepted Answer

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Question 5

Which capillary type is most abundant in the body and exhibits the lowest permeability?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillaries

Question 6

During exercise, which of the following tissues experiences increased blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Skin

Question 7

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a patient with a systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg using the formula $$MAP = D_p + \frac{PP}{3}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 80 + \frac{40}{3} = 93.33$$ mmHg

Question 8

Which hormone acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressure, and what is its mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II; constricts arteries and stimulates aldosterone release.

Question 9

If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive at the arteriole end of a capillary, what happens to fluid movement?

Accepted Answer

Fluid leaves the capillary and enters the interstitial space.

Question 10

Which of the following is a vessel that connects an arteriole to a venule and acts as a vascular shunt?

Accepted Answer

Metarteriole

Question 11

A patient with congestive heart failure has a low pulse pressure. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Drop in left ventricular stroke volume

Question 12

Which of the following is the major long-term mechanism for blood pressure control?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Question 13

Which of the following abdominal arteries branches to form the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery?

Accepted Answer

Celiac trunk

Question 14

The hepatic portal system collects blood from the __________ and then routes it to the __________.

Accepted Answer

GI tract; liver

Question 15

Which condition is defined as a sustained arterial pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 16

Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Circulatory shock

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue cells?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion between capillaries and tissue cells

Question 18

Which of the following best describes arteriosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Proliferative and degenerative changes in arteries leading to decreased elasticity

Question 19

What is the primary function of venous valves?

Accepted Answer

Prevent backflow of blood

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-life scenario where vascular anastomoses are crucial?

Accepted Answer

When an artery is clogged, providing alternate pathways for blood flow

Blood Vessels: Structure, Function, and Circulatory Pathways

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