Q: A patient has a blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg. What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Use the formula $$MAP = \frac{2}{3} \times \text{diastolic pressure} + \frac{1}{3} \times \text{systolic pressure}.$$

$$MAP = \frac{2}{3} \times 85 + \frac{1}{3} \times 130 = 100$$ mmHg

Question 1

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure and is composed mainly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 2

A patient has a blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg. What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Use the formula $$MAP = \frac{2}{3} 	imes 	ext{diastolic pressure} + \frac{1}{3} 	imes 	ext{systolic pressure}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = \frac{2}{3} 	imes 85 + \frac{1}{3} 	imes 130 = 100$$ mmHg

Question 3

Which type of capillary is most likely to be found in the liver and allows the passage of large molecules and even cells?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillary

Question 4

If the radius of a blood vessel is halved, by what factor does the resistance to blood flow change? Use the relationship $$R = \frac{1}{r^4$}.$$

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by a factor of 16

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms assists veins in returning blood to the heart, especially from the lower limbs?

Accepted Answer

Muscular pump

Question 6

A patient with polycythemia (increased red blood cell count) is likely to have which of the following effects on blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity and decreased flow

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of precapillary sphincters?

Accepted Answer

They regulate blood flow into capillary beds based on local tissue needs

Question 8

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arterial end of a capillary given: $$HP_c = 30$$ mmHg, $$OP_c = 22$$ mmHg, $$HP_{if} = 0$$ mmHg, $$OP_{if} = 1$$ mmHg. Use $$NFP = (HP_c - HP_{if}) - (OP_c - OP_{if}).$$

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (30 - 0) - (22 - 1) = 9$$ mmHg, net filtration

Question 9

Which hormone acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 10

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining resistance to blood flow under normal physiological conditions?

Accepted Answer

Vessel diameter

Question 11

A patient is experiencing hypoxia (low O$$_2$$), hypercapnia (high CO$$_2$$), and acidosis (low pH). Which cardiovascular centers are stimulated and what is the effect on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Cardioacceleratory and vasomotor centers are stimulated, raising BP

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between elastic and muscular arteries?

Accepted Answer

Muscular arteries have a higher proportion of smooth muscle to elastic tissue

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Lipid-soluble substances diffuse directly through the endothelial cell membrane

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely result in edema (excess fluid in the interstitial space)?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in blood pressure and initiate responses to lower BP when stretched

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the direction of blood flow in the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Blood flows from arteries to capillaries to veins

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely cause a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood volume

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the vasa vasorum?

Accepted Answer

To supply blood, nutrients, and remove waste from the outer layers of large blood vessels

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on arterioles?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the portal system?

Accepted Answer

It consists of two capillary beds joined by a vein

Blood Vessels: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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