$$\text{Bone Matrix} = \frac{2}{3} \text{Calcium Phosphate} + \frac{1}{3} \text{Collagen Fibers}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture that has broken through the skin. What type of fracture is this, and what is a major risk associated with it?

Accepted Answer

Open (compound) fracture; increased risk of infection

Question 3

Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; osteolysis

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the structure of a flat bone such as the parietal bone?

Accepted Answer

A core of spongy bone (diploë) sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Question 5

During endochondral ossification, what is the primary event that occurs at the primary ossification center?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes enlarge, the matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die

Question 6

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

A 60-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best explains the physiological basis for her condition?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sex hormone levels lead to increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption

Question 8

Which of the following nutrients is essential for collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 9

What is the functional significance of trabeculae in spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

They allow spongy bone to withstand stress from multiple directions and reduce bone weight

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the increase in bone diameter during growth?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth

Question 11

A child with a vitamin D deficiency develops bowed legs. What is the most likely diagnosis and the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Rickets; poor mineralization of bone matrix

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix and help repair damaged bone

Question 13

Which of the following bone markings is correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Foramen – passageway for blood vessels and nerves

Question 14

A patient with a pituitary tumor produces excess growth hormone after epiphyseal closure. What condition is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the composition of the bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone Matrix} = \frac{2}{3} 	ext{Calcium Phosphate} + \frac{1}{3} 	ext{Collagen Fibers}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why weight-bearing exercise is recommended for elderly individuals to maintain bone health?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates osteoblast activity, increasing bone mass and strength

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Fracture hematoma formation → callus formation → spongy bone formation → compact bone formation

Question 18

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, bones become weaker

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of calcitonin on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

It decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys

Bones and Bone Structure: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions