Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of red bone marrow in adults?

Accepted Answer

Formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis)

Question 2

A patient with leukemia undergoes a bone marrow transplant. Which bone is most commonly used for harvesting red bone marrow in adults?

Accepted Answer

Pelvic bone

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 4

A child fractures the epiphyseal plate of their femur. What is the most likely long-term consequence if the injury is not properly treated?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal bone growth and possible limb length discrepancy

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why bones without their organic matrix (collagen) are brittle and shatter easily?

Accepted Answer

They lack tensile strength and flexibility

Question 6

Which type of bone is the patella classified as, and what is its functional significance?

Accepted Answer

Sesamoid bone; reduces friction and modifies pressure in tendons

Question 7

A patient with a genetic defect in osteocalcin production would most likely experience which of the following problems?

Accepted Answer

Impaired binding of calcium ions and hydroxyapatite crystals in bone

Question 8

Which structure allows blood vessels to penetrate deep into the compact bone from the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient foramen

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

They draw water into the extracellular matrix to help resist compression

Question 10

A 7-year-old child has a higher proportion of red bone marrow compared to an adult. What is the physiological reason for this difference?

Accepted Answer

Children have a higher rate of blood cell formation to support rapid growth

Question 11

Which of the following bones is classified as an irregular bone?

Accepted Answer

Vertebra

Question 12

Which component of bone tissue is primarily responsible for resisting linear compression and twisting forces?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone

Question 13

A patient with osteoporosis has bones that fracture easily under compression. Which component of the bone matrix is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It covers the outer surface of bone, contains blood vessels and nerves, and anchors to bone via perforating fibers

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in a successful bone marrow transplantation for a leukemia patient?

Accepted Answer

Donor marrow is harvested, recipient's marrow is destroyed, donor marrow is infused, new blood cells are produced

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the skeleton is essential for acid-base homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases minerals that act as buffers in the blood

Question 17

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of flat bones compared to long bones?

Accepted Answer

Flat bones contain diploë, a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of articular cartilage in long bones?

Accepted Answer

It covers the epiphyses to reduce friction and absorb shock at joints

Question 19

A patient is unable to resist twisting forces on their bones, leading to frequent spiral fractures. Which component of the bone matrix is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why adults have more yellow marrow than red marrow compared to children?

Accepted Answer

Adults require more fat storage and have a lower rate of blood cell formation

Bones and Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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