BSC 2085 Exam 3 Review: Nervous System Study Guidance

Q1. What is the difference between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?

Background

Topic: Central Nervous System Anatomy

This question tests your understanding of the structural and functional differences between gray matter and white matter in the brain and spinal cord.

Key Terms:

• Gray Matter: Contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

• White Matter: Composed mainly of myelinated axons, which give it a lighter appearance.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Identify where gray matter and white matter are located in the brain and spinal cord.

2. Describe the main cellular components found in each type of matter.

3. Explain the functional significance of each (e.g., processing vs. transmission of signals).

4. Consider why myelination affects the color and function of white matter.

Try explaining the differences in your own words before checking the answer!

Q2. What are the four ventricles of the brain and where are they located?

Background

Topic: Brain Anatomy

This question assesses your knowledge of the ventricular system, which is important for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation.

Key Terms:

• Ventricles: Cavities within the brain that produce and contain CSF.

• CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the names of the four ventricles.

2. Identify the general location of each ventricle within the brain (e.g., lateral, midline, etc.).

3. Consider how the ventricles are connected to each other.

4. Think about the flow of CSF through these ventricles.

Try to recall the names and locations before looking up the answer!

Q3. What are the main parts of the cerebral hemispheres and their functions?

Background

Topic: Brain Structure and Function

This question focuses on the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres and what each is responsible for.

Key Terms:

• Lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.

• Gyri and Sulci: Ridges and grooves that increase surface area.

• Cortex: Outer layer involved in higher functions.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the four main lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

2. Associate each lobe with its primary functions (e.g., vision, movement, sensation, etc.).

3. Identify any important gyri or sulci that separate these lobes.

4. Consider the role of the cerebral cortex in processing information.

Try mapping out the lobes and their functions before checking the answer!

Q4. What are the main components of the brain stem and their functions?

Background

Topic: Brain Stem Anatomy

This question tests your knowledge of the structure and function of the brain stem, which is crucial for basic life functions.

Key Terms:

• Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata: The three main parts of the brain stem.

• Vital Centers: Areas that control breathing, heart rate, etc.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Name the three main parts of the brain stem.

2. Describe one key function for each part.

3. Consider how the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord.

4. Think about which vital functions are regulated by the brain stem.

Try to recall the components and their functions before checking the answer!

Q5. What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Background

Topic: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

This question examines your understanding of the two main divisions of the ANS and how they affect body systems.

Key Terms:

• Sympathetic Division: Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

• Parasympathetic Division: Promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

• Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine (sympathetic), Acetylcholine (parasympathetic).

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Describe the general effects of each division on the body (e.g., heart rate, digestion).

2. Identify the main neurotransmitters used by each division.

3. Compare the anatomical differences in the pathways (e.g., length of pre- and postganglionic fibers).

4. Consider examples of organs or systems affected by each division.

Try to list the differences before checking the answer!