$$ \text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow 2\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 $$

$$ E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion outside}]}{[\text{ion inside}]} \right) $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability, while positive feedback amplifies a change until a specific outcome is reached.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which cellular transport mechanism will be most affected, and what is the likely outcome for their cells?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; cells will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{C}_{12}	ext{H}_{22}	ext{O}_{11} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 2	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 $$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 5

A person with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures. Which cell type is most likely overactive in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 6

Which of the following equations represents the calculation of membrane potential using the Nernst equation?

Accepted Answer

$$ E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion outside}]}{[	ext{ion inside}]} ight) $$

Question 7

During muscle contraction, which sequence of events occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine is released, binds to receptors, sodium enters the muscle cell, and an action potential is generated.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions change muscle length with constant tension, while isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 10

A patient receives a saline IV solution. Which type of solution is this, and what effect does it have on red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic; cells will maintain their normal shape.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers maintain pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct example of a synovial joint?

Accepted Answer

Knee joint

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

Protection against environmental hazards

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds contain carbon and are usually larger, while inorganic compounds lack carbon and are usually smaller.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of neuroglia (glial cells)?

Accepted Answer

Support, protect, and nourish neurons.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone replaces a cartilage model during development.

Question 18

Which of the following is a principal cation in body fluids and is essential for nerve impulse transmission?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with gigantism. Which hormone is most likely involved, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone; stimulates excessive bone growth.

BSC2085 Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy and Physiology Essentials

Study Guide - Practice Questions