Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback opposes the original stimulus to maintain balance, while positive feedback amplifies the stimulus, often leading to a specific event.

Question 2

A patient is given intravenous fluids that are hypertonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink as water leaves the cells to balance the concentration gradient.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$C_{12}H$$_{22}$$O_{11} + H_2O \rightarrow 2C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers maintain pH stability by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 5

A mutation causes a cell to produce nonfunctional sodium-potassium pumps. Which process would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients.

Question 6

Which of the following correctly matches the tissue type with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue – support and binding of other tissues

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone contains trabeculae and red marrow, while compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones.

Question 8

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures because:

Accepted Answer

Their bones have decreased density and weakened structure due to increased bone resorption.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts form bone collar, cartilage calcifies, periosteal bud invades, secondary ossification centers form.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 11

Which of the following is a hinge joint?

Accepted Answer

Elbow joint

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, causing muscle shortening.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of events at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives, acetylcholine is released, muscle fiber depolarizes, contraction occurs.

Question 14

Which of the following best distinguishes fast (glycolytic) muscle fibers from slow (oxidative) muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Slow fibers have more myoglobin and are adapted for endurance activities.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the neuroglia (glial cells) in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Support, protect, and nourish neurons.

Question 16

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury that disrupts the reflex arc. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Involuntary reflex responses below the injury are lost.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses transmit signals directly through gap junctions.

Question 18

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for vision?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (II)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information; RNA is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of red bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Produces blood cells through hematopoiesis.

BSC2085 Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy and Physiology Essentials

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