Question 1

Which component of cartilage is responsible for its avascular nature and how does it receive nutrients?

Accepted Answer

The perichondrium supplies nutrients to cartilage by diffusion because cartilage itself is avascular.

Question 2

Which type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage, and what is its primary fiber type?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage; thin collagen fibers

Question 3

During appositional growth of cartilage, which cells are responsible for producing new chondrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Perichondral fibroblasts differentiate into chondroblasts

Question 4

Which hormone primarily regulates the activity of chondrocytes in cartilage growth?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone matrix by secreting lysosomal enzymes and H$$^+$$ ions.

Question 6

Which equation represents the chemical reaction by which osteoclasts generate H$$^+$$ ions for bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 7

Which bone type is characterized by a honeycomb appearance with trabeculae and spaces between them?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone (cancellous or trabecular bone)

Question 8

What is the structural unit of compact bone, and what does it contain?

Accepted Answer

Osteon (Haversian system); contains concentrically arranged lamellae surrounding a canal with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Question 9

Which process describes bone formation from fibrous membranes, and which bones are formed this way?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification; bones of the skull cap and clavicle

Question 10

During bone repair after a fracture, what is the sequence of events leading to restoration?

Accepted Answer

Blood clot forms, dead tissue removed, fibroblasts invade and form soft callus, osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone, excess bone is removed and remodeled

Question 11

Which layer of bone is attached to the bone by Sharpey’s fibers and contains an osteogenic layer?

Accepted Answer

Periosteum

Question 12

Which cell type is responsible for synthesizing collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in bone, and is necessary for calcium deposition?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Question 13

Which bone region has the richest blood supply and why?

Accepted Answer

Metaphysis; capillary loops make blood flow slow, increasing supply

Question 14

Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis, and what is its distinguishing fiber?

Accepted Answer

Elastic cartilage; elastic fibers

Question 15

Which cell type is derived from haematopoietic stem cells of the macrophage line and is involved in bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 16

Which process occurs in cartilages where there is no perichondrium, such as the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth

Question 17

Which equation best represents the mineralization of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$ + PO_4$^{3-} \rightarrow Ca_3$(PO_4$)_2}$$

Question 18

Which structure lines the internal cavities of bone and contains a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and collagen?

Accepted Answer

Endosteum

Question 19

Which bone cell is long-lived, lies in lacunae, and maintains the bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteocyte

Question 20

Which type of bone is classified based on shape and includes vertebrae and certain facial bones?

Accepted Answer

Irregular bone

Cartilage and Bone: Structure, Types, Growth, and Repair

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