Question 1

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP through cellular respiration, and what structural feature increases its efficiency?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria; cristae

Question 2

A cell placed in a solution with a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than its cytoplasm will undergo which process, and what will happen to its volume?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; cell will shrink

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane according to the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face the water inside and outside the cell, hydrophobic tails face each other

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily involved in the modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 5

A patient is given an intravenous solution with an osmolarity of 250 mOsm. What effect will this have on their red blood cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

Cells will swell due to hypotonic solution

Question 6

Which of the following is a non-membranous organelle that plays a key role in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 7

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$	ext{Na}^+/	ext{K}^+$$ pump$) in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of ions against their concentration gradient

Question 8

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses transmembrane proteins to move hydrophilic molecules down their concentration gradient

Question 9

A cell actively absorbs glucose from the extracellular fluid using a sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT). Which type of transport is this, and what is the energy source?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport; energy from Na+ gradient

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of ingested food, damaged organelles, and foreign particles using hydrolytic enzymes

Question 11

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, what will happen to its volume and why?

Accepted Answer

Cell volume will remain unchanged because solute and water concentrations are equal inside and outside

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

It consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, and maintains cell shape

Question 13

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 14

Which organelle is essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Centrioles

Question 15

Which of the following molecules can freely diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Nonpolar, lipid-soluble molecules

Question 16

What is the main function of microvilli on the surface of cells?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area for absorption

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the nucleus is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains DNA, RNA, and proteins

Question 18

Which type of membrane transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis and breakdown of fats and carbohydrates, detoxification of toxins and drugs

Question 20

Which organelle is responsible for making ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus

Cell Structure, Organelles, and Membrane Transport: ANP College Study Guide

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