Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle of complementarity in cell theory?

Accepted Answer

The structure of a cell part directly determines its function.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a nucleus, linear DNA, and membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP, the main energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

During protein synthesis, what is the correct order of organelles involved in the export of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → Ribosome → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Destination

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why plant cells can stand tall against gravity while animal cells cannot?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have a large central vacuole and a rigid cell wall.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst (lyse).

Question 7

Which process requires ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient, specifically exchanging 3 Na$$^+$$ out for 2 K$$^+ in$$?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump (primary active transport)

Question 8

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in the protein synthesis pathway?

Accepted Answer

Packages and sorts proteins for export

Question 9

Which of the following best describes exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct base-pairing rule during transcription?

Accepted Answer

DNA (A) → RNA (U)

Question 11

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to add sugar tags to proteins. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 14

Which type of membrane transport is described by the equation $$J = -P(C_2$ - C_1$)$$, where $$J is $$the flux, $$P is $$permeability, and $$C_2$$ - $$C_1 is $$the concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 15

A patient is given an IV solution that is hypertonic to their blood. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink (crenate).

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

Digestion and apoptosis

Question 18

Which step in the protein synthesis pathway is responsible for reading the mRNA and assembling the amino acid chain?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome (Translation)

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why cancer violates the rules of cell theory?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells divide uncontrollably without regard for normal systemic boundaries.

Cellular Anatomy & Physiology: The Synthesis Story

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