Q: Which of the following equations best represents the sodium-potassium pump activity in active transport?

$$3 \text{Na}^+_{\text{in}} + 2 \text{K}^+_{\text{out}} + \text{ATP} \rightarrow 3 \text{Na}^+_{\text{out}} + 2 \text{K}^+_{\text{in}} + \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the entry and exit of substances.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a large number of mitochondria. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

High energy demand, such as muscle contraction

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the phospholipid bilayer is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face the extracellular and intracellular fluids, while hydrophobic tails face each other.

Question 4

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what enzyme is primarily responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

S phase; DNA polymerase

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst because water moves into the cell.

Question 6

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why cancer most commonly arises in tissues with rapidly dividing cells?

Accepted Answer

Rapid division increases the chance of DNA mutations during replication.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Protein folding

Question 9

A cell is observed to have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Lipid and steroid synthesis, and detoxification

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching codons with anticodons.

Question 11

Which of the following equations best represents the sodium-potassium pump activity in active transport?

Accepted Answer

$$3 	ext{Na}^+_{	ext{in}} + 2 	ext{K}^+_{	ext{out}} + 	ext{ATP} ightarrow 3 	ext{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} + 2 	ext{K}^+_{	ext{in}} + 	ext{ADP} + 	ext{P}_i$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for export

Question 13

Which process is described as the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires ATP and can move substances against their concentration gradient.

Question 15

A mutation in a cell prevents the formation of centrioles. Which process would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cell division (mitosis)

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why mature red blood cells have a limited lifespan?

Accepted Answer

They lack a nucleus and cannot repair themselves.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

It occurs in the nucleus and produces an RNA copy from a DNA template.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

Break down organic compounds and damaged organelles

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of secondary active transport in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Glucose absorption in the small intestine using the sodium gradient

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