Question 1

Which of the following best describes a key difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system acts at specific locations determined by axon pathways, while the endocrine system acts at diffuse locations that can be anywhere blood reaches.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and acts as a strong stimulant of uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 4

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium elimination

Question 5

Amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) exert their effects primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to plasma membrane receptors and activating second messenger systems

Question 6

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of gametes (egg or sperm) in the gonads?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 7

A patient with hypersecretion of glucocorticoids presents with persistent elevated blood glucose, muscle loss, and a 'moon face.' What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hormone half-life ($t_{1/2}$) if the initial concentration is $C_0$ and the concentration after time $t$ is $C$?

Accepted Answer

$t_{1/2} = t \cdot \log_2 \left(\frac{C_0}{C}\right)$

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the concept of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

One or more hormones oppose(s) the action of another hormone

Question 12

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 13

Which of the following is a physiological effect of thyroid hormone (TH)?

Accepted Answer

Increases adrenergic receptors in blood vessels

Question 14

A patient with a tumor causing hypersecretion of aldosterone is likely to present with which combination of symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension, edema, and hypokalemia

Question 15

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into most body cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Controls the timing of sexual maturation and circadian rhythms

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and acts to decrease blood sodium concentration, thereby lowering blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of long-term stress mediated by the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Suppressed secretion of sex hormones

Question 19

Which hormone is produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid and has a bone-sparing effect at pharmacological doses?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone (GH) on target tissues?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates cellular uptake of nutrients and synthesis of DNA and protein, promoting growth by cell division

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System – Human Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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