Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and nervous system communication?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream for widespread effects, while the nervous system uses neurotransmitters for rapid, targeted communication.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst and frequent urination. Laboratory tests reveal high blood glucose levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient or ineffective in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; stimulates sodium conservation and potassium elimination

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the activation of second messenger systems by peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to extracellular receptor → G protein activation → adenylate cyclase activation → ATP converted to cAMP

Question 5

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and what are its effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts, increases calcium reabsorption by kidneys, and promotes calcitriol formation

Question 6

Amino acid derivative hormones include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly alter gene transcription.

Question 8

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms and inhibits reproductive functions

Question 9

A patient with hypothyroidism is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Decreased metabolic rate and developmental delays in children

Question 10

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to excessive blood volume, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); reduces blood volume and blood pressure

Question 11

Which hormone interaction describes a scenario where one hormone is required for another hormone to exert its effect?

Accepted Answer

Permissive effect

Question 12

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which hormone is dominant and what is its primary role?

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids; mobilize lipids and amino acids for energy and conserve glucose for nervous tissue

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Accelerates glucose uptake and use, stimulates glycogen formation, and promotes protein synthesis

Question 14

Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin (OXT)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Cells become more sensitive to a hormone due to low hormone levels.

Question 16

Which hormone is released by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of untreated diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Kidney degeneration, retinal damage, and peripheral tissue damage

Question 18

Which hormone is produced by adipose tissue and helps regulate appetite?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 19

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System – Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

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