Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and activate second messengers such as cAMP or Ca$$^{2+}.$$

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperglycemia, polyuria, and glycosuria. Which hormone is most likely deficient or ineffective in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 3

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 4

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 5

Which of the following hormones is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A patient with a deficiency in thyroid hormone during infancy is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Cretinism

Question 7

Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels and acts to increase blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a permissive effect in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine increasing energy consumption only when thyroid hormone is present

Question 9

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions and milk ejection during childbirth and nursing?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the negative feedback mechanism regulating thyroid hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Low blood levels of thyroid hormones stimulate the hypothalamus to release TRH, which triggers TSH release from the pituitary, stimulating the thyroid gland.

Question 11

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Natriuretic peptide; promotes sodium and water loss in urine

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for setting circadian rhythms in humans?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 13

A patient with hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have closed is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 14

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure and stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of cortisol released from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Promotes formation of glucose, breakdown of proteins and lipids, resistance to stress, and anti-inflammatory effects

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Question 17

Which hormone interaction is described as two hormones having opposite effects on a target cell?

Accepted Answer

Antagonistic effect

Question 18

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, which hormones are released to prepare the body for 'fight or flight'?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 19

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of egg follicles in females and sperm production in males?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 20

Which hormone is released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases blood glucose by increasing cellular uptake and glycogen synthesis

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System – Structured Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards