Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It is the primary protein responsible for blood’s colloid osmotic pressure, drawing water into the blood via osmosis.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the abdominal area (ascites) and easy bruising. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of albumin and clotting proteins. Which organ is most likely dysfunctional, and what is the underlying pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Liver; decreased synthesis of plasma proteins leading to loss of osmotic pressure and impaired clotting

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation → Clot retraction → Thrombolysis

Question 4

A patient with chronic lung disease develops secondary polycythemia. Which of the following best explains the physiological mechanism behind this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoietin production in response to chronic low oxygen levels

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between blood pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H}^+]$

Question 6

A patient with sickle-cell disease is likely to experience which of the following complications during a hypoxic episode?

Accepted Answer

Blockage of small blood vessels due to sickled erythrocytes

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Accepted Answer

It converts fibrinogen into fibrin, stabilizing the platelet plug.

Question 8

A patient with hemophilia A has a deficiency in which clotting factor, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII; impaired coagulation and increased bleeding risk

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the ABO blood group system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in plasma.

Question 10

A patient with type B- blood can safely receive which of the following blood types during a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

O-

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the universal donor for blood transfusions is type O-?

Accepted Answer

Type O- erythrocytes lack A, B, and Rh antigens, so they are not recognized as foreign by any recipient.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of neutrophils in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of bacteria and release of granule contents to kill pathogens

Question 13

A patient is prescribed warfarin after a heart valve replacement. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the fate of iron from destroyed erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

It is recycled and transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow for new hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Prothrombin Activator}} 	ext{Thrombin}$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why aspirin is used to reduce the risk of heart attacks?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits enzymes in platelets that contribute to platelet aggregation, reducing clot formation.

Question 17

A patient with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is at risk for which life-threatening complication if a thromboembolus forms?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of thrombolysis?

Accepted Answer

Dissolution of a blood clot by plasmin-mediated degradation of fibrin

Question 19

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of monocytes compared to other leukocytes?

Accepted Answer

They have a large U-shaped nucleus and become macrophages in tissues.

Chapter 19: Blood – Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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