Question 1

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and what type of tissue is it mainly composed of?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media; smooth muscle

Question 2

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of venous valves. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of blood pooling in the lower limbs

Question 3

Which type of capillary would you expect to find in the liver, and what is its main structural feature?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoid capillary; large fenestrations and intercellular clefts

Question 4

Which equation correctly describes the relationship between blood flow ($F$), pressure difference ($\Delta P$), and resistance ($R$)?

Accepted Answer

$F = \Delta P / R$

Question 5

If a patient has an increase in blood viscosity, what is the expected effect on peripheral resistance and blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral resistance increases; blood flow decreases

Question 6

Which hormone is released in response to high blood pressure and causes vasodilation and increased excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 7

A blockage in the renal artery reduces blood flow to the kidney. Which mechanism will be activated to restore blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why blood flow velocity is lowest in the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have the greatest total cross-sectional area

Question 9

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arterial end of a capillary given the following values: $HP_c = 35$ mmHg, $OP_{if} = 1$ mmHg, $HP_{if} = 0$ mmHg, $OP_c = 26$ mmHg. Use the formula $NFP = (HP_c + OP_{if}) - (HP_{if} + OP_c)$.

Accepted Answer

$NFP = 10$ mmHg (net outward pressure)

Question 10

Which of the following changes would most effectively decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP), assuming all other variables remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in peripheral resistance

Question 11

Which structure in the capillary bed regulates blood flow into true capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Precapillary sphincters

Question 12

A patient is experiencing severe dehydration. What is the expected effect on capillary colloid osmotic pressure ($OP_c$) and fluid movement?

Accepted Answer

$OP_c$ increases; more fluid is reabsorbed into capillaries

Question 13

Which of the following is a unique feature of veins compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Presence of valves to prevent backflow

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is the main mechanism for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely increase peripheral resistance and thus increase blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Decreased vessel diameter

Question 17

A patient with chronic hypertension is prescribed a drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). What is the expected effect of this drug?

Accepted Answer

Decreased production of angiotensin II and decreased blood pressure

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why veins function as blood reservoirs?

Accepted Answer

They contain most of the blood volume due to their large lumen and high compliance

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for mean arterial pressure (MAP) in terms of cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (R)?

Accepted Answer

$MAP = CO 	imes R$

Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels

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