BackChapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive – Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology
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Chemistry and Physiological Reactions
Introduction to Chemistry in Physiology
Chemistry is fundamental to understanding physiological processes in the human body. All living matter is composed of chemicals, and chemical reactions underlie essential functions such as movement, digestion, heart function, and nervous system activity.
Basic Chemistry: Focuses on the foundational principles of matter and energy.
Biochemistry: Examines the chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
Part 1 – Basic Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Matter and energy are the building blocks of the universe and are crucial for physiological processes.
Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter can be seen, smelled, and/or felt.
Weight: The measure of mass plus the effects of gravity.
States of Matter
Solid: Definite shape and volume.
Liquid: Changeable shape; definite volume.
Gas: Changeable shape and volume.
Example: Bones are solids, blood is a liquid, and oxygen in the lungs is a gas.
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion. Unlike matter, energy does not have mass or occupy space.
Work: The greater the work done, the more energy is used up.
Kinetic versus Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy: Energy in action (e.g., muscle contraction).
Potential Energy: Stored (inactive) energy (e.g., energy stored in chemical bonds).
Energy can be transformed between potential and kinetic forms.
Example: A cyclist at the top of a hill has potential energy, which is converted to kinetic energy as they descend.
Application Question: Is Gasoline Matter or Energy?
Gasoline is an example used to distinguish between matter and energy. Gasoline itself is matter, but when combusted, it releases energy that powers a car.
Matter: Gasoline as a liquid fuel.
Energy: The chemical energy released during combustion.
Example: Gasoline is stored as matter, but its energy is harnessed to do work in engines.
