Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin secretion

Question 2

A patient presents with proteinuria and hematuria. Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration membrane

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 4

The renal corpuscle consists of which two main structures?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the permeability of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

Accepted Answer

Descending limb is permeable to water, ascending limb is permeable to salt

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) at the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HPGC - (HPCS + OPGC)$$

Question 7

A decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would most likely result in which of the following clinical findings?

Accepted Answer

Fluid retention and edema

Question 8

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by increasing the number of aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

Which of the following substances would NOT normally be found in healthy urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 10

Which structure is responsible for the majority of reabsorption and secretion in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

A patient is overhydrated. What changes would you expect in their urine osmolarity and ADH levels?

Accepted Answer

Urine osmolarity decreases, ADH decreases

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the countercurrent exchanger to preserve the osmotic gradient

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of urine from its formation to elimination?

Accepted Answer

Renal cortex → renal medulla → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring NaCl concentration and blood pressure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased sympathetic tone on the afferent arteriole and GFR?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole and decreased GFR

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly describes renal clearance (C)?

Accepted Answer

$$C = (U 	imes V) / P$$

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the physical characteristics of healthy urine?

Accepted Answer

Healthy urine is usually slightly acidic with a specific gravity higher than water

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources during prolonged fasting

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the internal urethral sphincter?

Accepted Answer

It is under autonomic (involuntary) control

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely occur if the macula densa cells detect high NaCl concentration in the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and decreased GFR

Chapter 25: The Urinary System – Structure, Function, and Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions