Question 1

Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological systems?

Accepted Answer

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant; energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed.

Question 2

A muscle cell contracts, requiring ATP to move actin and myosin filaments. This is an example of which type of work?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical work

Question 3

Which of the following statements about enzymes is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to proceed faster.

Question 4

A reaction in which $$ \Delta G \u003c 0  is $$best described as:

Accepted Answer

Exergonic

Question 5

Which of the following is a real-life example of feedback inhibition?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a metabolic pathway inhibiting the first enzyme in the pathway.

Question 6

During aerobic metabolism, how many ATP molecules are typically produced from one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

30–32

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme's active site matches only specific substrates.

Question 8

Which process is responsible for the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 9

A patient has a genetic mutation that results in a nonfunctional enzyme required for glycolipid breakdown in neurons. Which disease is most likely associated with this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Lowering the pH from 7.4 to 6.0

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks molecules and releases energy; anabolism builds molecules and requires energy.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Accepted Answer

The transfer of electrons from NADH to the electron transport chain

Question 13

If Sarah is a carrier for the Tay-Sachs gene (Tt) and David is not (TT), what is the probability that their child will be a carrier?

Accepted Answer

$$0.50$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Transfers energy between catabolic and anabolic reactions

Question 15

Which of the following would be considered an endergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the genetic test for Tay-Sachs disease may be more accurate than the enzyme test?

Accepted Answer

The genetic test directly detects mutations in the DNA sequence responsible for the enzyme.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a way cells regulate their metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Increasing entropy in the cytoplasm

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of alternative splicing in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following is a likely symptom of Tay-Sachs disease due to the accumulation of gangliosides in the light-sensitive cells of the eye?

Accepted Answer

Vision problems or blindness

Question 20

Which of the following factors, other than a defective gene, can alter a person’s enzyme level?

Accepted Answer

Temperature and pH changes

Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism – Structured Study Notes

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