$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which subatomic particle is responsible for the atomic number of an element, and how is atomic mass calculated?

Accepted Answer

The proton determines atomic number; atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons.

Question 2

Referencing the periodic table, which element is most abundant in the human body by weight?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 3

What is the primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

Question 4

A sodium atom (Na) loses one electron to become a sodium ion (Na+). What is the resulting charge and why?

Accepted Answer

Na+ is positively charged because it lost an electron.

Question 5

Which of the following ions is most important for nerve impulse transmission in the body?

Accepted Answer

K+

Question 6

What is the chemical formula for a water molecule, and what type of bond holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?

Accepted Answer

H$$_2O$$; covalent bond

Question 7

Which process involves the removal of a water molecule to join two monomers together?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis

Question 8

If a solution has a pH of 5, which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic and has a high concentration of H$$^+$$ ions.

Question 9

Which organic molecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 10

What is the main function of phospholipids in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Forming cell membranes

Question 11

Which molecule is converted into steroid hormones such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 12

A patient’s blood pH is measured at 7.2. What does this indicate about their blood?

Accepted Answer

It is slightly acidic.

Question 13

Which of the following is a polysaccharide stored in the human body for energy?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 14

What is the primary structural protein that holds many tissues together?

Accepted Answer

Collagen

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the lock-and-key model of enzyme action?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes bind specifically to substrates, facilitating chemical reactions.

Question 16

Which nucleotide base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Question 17

ATP is often described as the 'energy currency' of the cell. Which equation represents the release of energy from ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a buffer system in the body?

Accepted Answer

A system that absorbs excess acids or bases to maintain stable pH.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Glycerol

Question 20

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to an electrolyte imbalance. Which ion is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

K$$^+$$

Chemistry of Life: Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions