$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion outside}]}{[\text{ion inside}]} \right)$$

$$\text{pH} = -\log_{10} [\text{H}^+]$$

Question 1

Which property of muscle tissue allows it to respond to a stimulus by generating an electrical signal, and is also shared with nervous tissue?

Accepted Answer

Excitability

Question 2

During muscle contraction, which of the following changes occur within the sarcomere?

Accepted Answer

The Z discs move closer together as the H zone disappears.

Question 3

A motor unit consists of:

Accepted Answer

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 Na$$^+$$ out and 2 K$$^+ in$$, maintaining a negative charge inside the cell.

Question 5

Which equation represents the calculation of membrane potential using ion concentrations?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion outside}]}{[	ext{ion inside}]} ight)$$

Question 6

A patient is experiencing rapid heart rate and dilated pupils after a car accident. Which division of the nervous system is most active?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between fast glycolytic and slow oxidative muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers use aerobic metabolism and are fatigue-resistant.

Question 8

Which structure is essential for saltatory conduction in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Glucose + Fructose $$\rightarrow$$ Sucrose + H$$_2O$$

Question 10

A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Lose water and shrink

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Energy production

Question 12

Which equation best represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = -\log_{10} [	ext{H}^+]$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes?

Accepted Answer

Produce melanin to protect against UV radiation

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the steps of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization $$\rightarrow$$ Repolarization $$\rightarrow$$ Hyperpolarization

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Maintain the blood-brain barrier and support neurons

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between positive and negative feedback systems?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reverses the original stimulus, positive feedback amplifies it.

Question 17

Which of the following is the preferred energy source for most cells in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why nerve regeneration is limited in the CNS compared to the PNS?

Accepted Answer

CNS neurons lack Schwann cells and have inhibitory factors from oligodendrocytes.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of a hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose + H$$_2O$$ $$\rightarrow$$ Glucose + Fructose

Comprehensive Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam

Study Guide - Practice Questions