$$DNA \rightarrow mRNA \rightarrow \text{protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly matches a macromolecule with its monomer and the elements it contains?

Accepted Answer

Protein – amino acid – contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

Question 2

A patient is unable to store glucose efficiently in their liver and muscles. Which macromolecule and process are most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen, a carbohydrate; glycogenesis

Question 3

Which level of protein structure is directly determined by the sequence of amino acids and is stabilized by peptide bonds?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 4

During dehydration synthesis, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Two monomers are joined together and a molecule of water is released: $$A-OH + B-H \rightarrow A-B + H_2O$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and the base thymine, while RNA contains ribose and the base uracil

Question 6

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink (crenate) because water moves out of the cell

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while their hydrophobic tails avoid water

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA ightarrow mRNA ightarrow 	ext{protein}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 $$Na^+$$ ions out of the cell and 2 $$K^+$$ ions into the cell using ATP

Question 10

A scientist is studying a cell that lacks mitochondria. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Production of ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, while ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin: when blood glucose rises, insulin lowers it back to normal

Question 13

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 14

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through a membrane protein, without energy input

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the atomic mass and atomic number of an element?

Accepted Answer

Atomic number is the number of protons; atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why buffers are important in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They help maintain a stable pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases

Question 17

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

Interphase (specifically the S phase)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic: no net water movement; hypertonic: water moves out; hypotonic: water moves in

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$A-T$$

Question 20

A solution has a pH of 4. How many times more acidic is it than a solution with a pH of 7?

Accepted Answer

$$10^3 = 1000$ times more acidic

Comprehensive Study Guide: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions