Question 1

Which of the following correctly matches the elements found in each macromolecule?

A. Carbohydrates: CHO; Proteins: CHON; Nucleic acids: CHONP; Lipids: CHO
B. Carbohydrates: CHONP; Proteins: CHO; Nucleic acids: CHO; Lipids: CHON
C. Carbohydrates: CHON; Proteins: CHO; Nucleic acids: CHO; Lipids: CHONP
D. Carbohydrates: CHO; Proteins: CHONP; Nucleic acids: CHON; Lipids: CHO

Accepted Answer

A. Carbohydrates: CHO; Proteins: CHON; Nucleic acids: CHONP; Lipids: CHO

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

A. The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
B. The folding of the polypeptide into alpha-helices and beta-sheets
C. The overall 3D shape formed by multiple polypeptide chains
D. The interaction between the protein and other molecules

Accepted Answer

A. The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 3

Which process is responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water?

A. Hydrolysis
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Oxidation
D. Reduction

Accepted Answer

A. Hydrolysis

Question 4

A patient has a genetic mutation that affects the structure of their hemoglobin protein, causing sickle cell anemia. Which level of protein structure is most directly affected by this mutation?

A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary

Accepted Answer

A. Primary

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of enzymes?

A. Lowering activation energy of reactions
B. Speeding up chemical reactions
C. Being consumed in the reaction
D. Acting as biological catalysts

Accepted Answer

C. Being consumed in the reaction

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

A. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar
B. DNA is single-stranded, RNA is double-stranded
C. DNA contains uracil, RNA contains thymine
D. DNA is found only in the cytoplasm, RNA only in the nucleus

Accepted Answer

A. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar

Question 7

Which of the following base pairs is correct for DNA?

A. $A-T$ and $C-G$
B. $A-U$ and $C-G$
C. $A-G$ and $C-T$
D. $A-C$ and $G-T$

Accepted Answer

A. $A-T$ and $C-G$

Question 8

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of $H^+$ ions in this solution?

A. $1 	imes 10^{-4}$ M
B. $4 	imes 10^{-1}$ M
C. $1 	imes 10^{4}$ M
D. $4 	imes 10^{-7}$ M

Accepted Answer

A. $1 	imes 10^{-4}$ M

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells?

A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Nucleus

Accepted Answer

A. Mitochondria

Question 10

Which type of transport requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

A. Active transport
B. Passive transport
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Osmosis

Accepted Answer

A. Active transport

Question 11

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

A. It will swell and burst (lyse)
B. It will shrink (crenate)
C. It will remain unchanged
D. It will divide

Accepted Answer

A. It will swell and burst (lyse)

Question 12

Which of the following is a covalent bond?

A. Sharing of electrons between atoms
B. Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
C. Attraction between oppositely charged ions
D. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Accepted Answer

A. Sharing of electrons between atoms

Question 13

During cellular respiration, which process involves the loss of electrons?

A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Hydrolysis
D. Dehydration synthesis

Accepted Answer

A. Oxidation

Question 14

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

A. Metaphase
B. Prophase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

Accepted Answer

A. Metaphase

Question 15

Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

A. Cardiovascular
B. Digestive
C. Respiratory
D. Endocrine

Accepted Answer

A. Cardiovascular

Question 16

Which of the following best describes negative feedback in homeostasis?

A. A process that counteracts a change to maintain stability
B. A process that amplifies a change away from equilibrium
C. A process that causes cell death
D. A process that initiates mitosis

Accepted Answer

A. A process that counteracts a change to maintain stability

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order for the flow of genetic information in a cell?

A. DNA $\rightarrow$ RNA $\rightarrow$ Protein
B. Protein $\rightarrow$ RNA $\rightarrow$ DNA
C. RNA $\rightarrow$ DNA $\rightarrow$ Protein
D. DNA $\rightarrow$ Protein $\rightarrow$ RNA

Accepted Answer

A. DNA $\rightarrow$ RNA $\rightarrow$ Protein

Question 18

Which of the following statements about buffers is TRUE?

A. Buffers help maintain a stable pH in biological systems
B. Buffers always make solutions more acidic
C. Buffers are only found in the stomach
D. Buffers are proteins that speed up reactions

Accepted Answer

A. Buffers help maintain a stable pH in biological systems

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of positive feedback?

A. Release of oxytocin during childbirth to intensify contractions
B. Regulation of blood glucose by insulin
C. Maintenance of body temperature
D. Control of blood pressure by baroreceptors

Accepted Answer

A. Release of oxytocin during childbirth to intensify contractions

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