Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water-soluble hormones, such as epinephrine, require a secondary messenger system to exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They cannot cross the plasma membrane due to their polarity.

Question 2

A patient presents with jaundice and elevated bilirubin levels. Which organ is primarily responsible for converting heme from broken-down red blood cells into bilirubin?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation?

Accepted Answer

The intrinsic pathway is initiated by damage inside the vessel, while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor from outside the vessel.

Question 4

A patient with type AB+ blood is considered a universal recipient. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

They lack anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma.

Question 5

During isovolumetric contraction of the heart, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

All heart valves are closed and ventricular pressure rises.

Question 6

Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for the plateau phase in the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$})$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for processing.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. Which of the following arterial blood gas values would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH} \u003c 7.35$$, $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$ decreased

Question 9

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily in the liver.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.

Question 12

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin B12 is most likely to develop which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the myenteric plexus in the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the motility of the muscularis externa.

Question 14

Which hormone surge is directly responsible for triggering ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of antibody class and its primary location or function?

Accepted Answer

IgA – found in secretions such as breast milk and saliva

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy, while anabolism builds molecules using energy.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order of filtrate flow through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating red blood cell production, and what tissue does it target?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; targets red bone marrow

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the white pulp in the spleen?

Accepted Answer

It contains lymphocytes that initiate immune responses to blood-borne antigens.

Question 20

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory results show a serum potassium level of 2.5 mEq/L. What is the medical term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Comprehensive Study Guide: Human Anatomy & Physiology II (Chapters 16–28)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards