Q: Which equation best represents the formation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach by parietal cells?

$$\mathrm{H^+}$$ \text{ is pumped into the lumen via } \mathrm{H^+/K^+}$$ \text{ ATPase, and } \mathrm{Cl^-}$$ \text{ is secreted to combine with } \mathrm{H^+}$$ \text{ to form } \mathrm{HCl}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the pharynx in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a conduit for the passage of food, fluids, and air.

Question 2

A patient presents with heartburn after eating large meals and lying down. Which anatomical structure is most likely failing to function properly, allowing acid reflux into the esophagus?

Accepted Answer

Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter

Question 3

During deglutition (swallowing), which phase is voluntary and involves the contraction of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

Buccal phase

Question 4

Which of the following cell types in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cells

Question 5

A patient with a deficiency in intrinsic factor is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 6

Which equation best represents the formation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach by parietal cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{H^+}$$ 	ext{ is pumped into the lumen via } \mathrm{H^+/K^+}$$ 	ext{ ATPase, and } \mathrm{Cl^-}$$ 	ext{ is secreted to combine with } \mathrm{H^+}$$ 	ext{ to form } \mathrm{HCl}$$

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the stomach in response to partially digested proteins and stimulates further secretion of HCl?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 8

A patient with a hiatal hernia is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why only small particles and liquids are allowed to pass through the pyloric valve into the duodenum?

Accepted Answer

Peristaltic contractions near the pylorus are most vigorous, grinding food into chyme.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of bile salts in the digestive process?

Accepted Answer

They emulsify fats to aid in their digestion and absorption.

Question 11

A patient with chronic hepatitis develops portal hypertension and liver fibrosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cirrhosis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts?

Accepted Answer

Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum, returned to the liver via the hepatic portal vein, and resecreted in newly formed bile.

Question 13

Which enzyme is responsible for activating trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Enteropeptidase

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct result of excessive vomiting?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 15

Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum in response to fatty chyme?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 16

A patient is unable to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor. Which cell type is most likely dysfunctional?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cells

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the alkaline tide observed after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of HCO$$_3^-$$ into the blood as H$$^+ is $$pumped into the stomach lumen.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of hepatocytes in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of nutrients from the small intestine

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the oblique muscle layer in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

It allows the stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food for more effective mechanical digestion.

Question 20

A patient with gallstones blocking the cystic duct is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive jaundice due to buildup of bile pigments in the blood

Digestive System: Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards