Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, and from which adrenal cortex zone is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure and increased blood volume. Laboratory tests reveal elevated aldosterone levels. Which of the following is the most likely physiological effect of this hormone?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption and water retention

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback regulation of cortisol secretion?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary

Question 4

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms due to insufficient aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Low blood pressure and lethargy

Question 5

Which of the following correctly matches the adrenal cortex zone with its primary hormone product?

Accepted Answer

Zona reticularis – DHEA

Question 6

During the alarm reaction phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which hormones are released to prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine)

Question 7

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to present with which of the following clinical features?

Accepted Answer

Buffalo hump, moon face, and central obesity

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why chronic stress can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Chronic stress increases cortisol, which can cause insulin resistance

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of hormone release in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress?

Accepted Answer

CRH → ACTH → Cortisol

Question 10

A patient is found to have a benign tumor in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Which hormone is most likely to be elevated?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of cortisol in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Promotes glucose generation and inhibits protein synthesis

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the zona reticularis and acts as a weak androgen supplementing gonadal hormones?

Accepted Answer

DHEA

Question 13

A patient with a pituitary tumor secreting excessive ACTH would most likely develop which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the development of a goiter in iodine deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Increased TSH stimulates thyroid growth due to lack of negative feedback from T3 and T4

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

ACTH

Question 17

A patient with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease will most likely have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low TSH, high T3 and T4

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of events in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Iodide uptake → oxidation to iodine → binding to tyrosine → formation of MIT and DIT → coupling to form T3 and T4

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the action of insulin on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin binds to its receptor, causing GLUT4 vesicles to translocate to the membrane and increase glucose uptake

Question 20

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following underlying pathophysiological mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Endocrine Glands: Adrenal, Thyroid, and Pancreas – Structure, Function, and Disorders

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