Question 1

Which hormone, first recognized as originating from the GI tract, is responsible for stimulating the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas and hepatic duct in response to acidic chyme?

Accepted Answer

Secretin

Question 2

A patient presents with decreased gastric motility and reduced acid secretion. Which hormone is most likely elevated in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of leptin released from adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Controls hunger, energy expenditure, and body temperature via the hypothalamus

Question 4

Which hormone is released in response to partially digested proteins and triglycerides in the upper small intestine and stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 5

The brain-gut axis involves complex interactions between the GI tract and which of the following systems?

Accepted Answer

Central nervous system, enteric nervous system, and neurohumoral stimuli

Question 6

Which hormone inhibits both acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach and also inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin

Question 7

A patient with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is found to have altered intestinal microbiota. This dysfunction is most closely associated with which axis?

Accepted Answer

Microbiota-brain-gut axis

Question 8

Which hormone is released from S cells in the upper small intestine and is stimulated by acidic chyme and fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Secretin

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the regulation of gastric acid secretion?

Accepted Answer

Food enters stomach → Gastrin release → Increased acid production

Question 10

Which hormone is released in response to neural stimulation and stimulates secretion by the pancreas and intestines, while inhibiting acid and pepsin secretion?

Accepted Answer

VIP

Question 11

The enteric endocrine system consists of at least 15 different populations of endocrine cells. What is the primary mode of action for these cells?

Accepted Answer

Both autocrine/paracrine and endocrine

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of enzyme-rich fluid from the pancreas and contraction of the gallbladder?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of secretin on the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate

Question 14

Which hormone is released from D cells in the stomach in response to fat, bile salts, and glucose in the intestinal lumen?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin

Question 15

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between hormone concentration ($$[H]$$), rate of secretion ($$R_s$$), and rate of clearance ($$R_c) in $$the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

$$[H] = \frac{R_s}{R_c}$$

Question 16

A patient with a deficiency in VIP would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased acid and pepsin secretion

Question 17

Which hormone is most likely to be inhibited by low antral pH and somatostatin?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the intestinal microbiota in the brain-gut axis?

Accepted Answer

Modulates immune, neural, and endocrine signaling between the gut and brain

Question 19

Which hormone is released in response to stomach distension and increases gastric motility and acid secretion?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of dysfunction in the microbiota-brain-gut axis?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Endocrine Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis

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