Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to an epithelial surface.

Question 2

Which hormone type binds to intracellular receptors and directly influences gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Lipid-soluble hormones

Question 3

A patient has a tumor in the adrenal cortex. Which hormone is most likely to be overproduced?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of G proteins and cyclic AMP ($$cAMP) in $$hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

They act as second messengers for water-soluble hormones, amplifying the signal inside the cell.

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 6

Which of the following is a tropic hormone?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 7

Which pressure must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

Accepted Answer

Intrapleural pressure

Question 8

What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse

Question 9

Which equation represents the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 10

Which muscle is primarily responsible for increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Question 11

Which process is responsible for the movement of food through the esophagus?

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis

Question 12

Which cell type in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid ($$HCl$$)?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cells

Question 13

What is the main function of bile in digestion?

Accepted Answer

To emulsify fats, increasing their surface area for enzyme action

Question 14

Which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions break down molecules to release energy, while anabolic reactions use energy to build complex molecules.

Question 16

In cellular respiration, what is the primary role of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

To serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Question 17

Which process produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport chain

Question 19

Refer to the chemical equation: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy}. In $$this reaction, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} is $$oxidized; $$\mathrm{O_2$} is $$reduced

Question 20

Which molecule is produced during glycolysis and then converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate

Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, and Metabolic Systems: Study Guide

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