Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones such as insulin and epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors, often activating G-protein coupled receptors, leading to the formation of second messengers.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hypercalcemia and bone loss. Laboratory tests reveal elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which mechanism best explains the bone findings?

Accepted Answer

PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, increasing bone resorption and releasing Ca$$^{2+}$$ into the blood.

Question 3

Which hormone is both a lipid-soluble amine and requires a membrane transporter to enter target cells?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 4

What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Increase heart rate and cardiac output by upregulating $$\$$beta_1$$ adrenergic receptors

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

CRH $$\rightarrow$$ ACTH $$\rightarrow$$ Adrenal cortex $$\rightarrow$$ Cortisol

Question 6

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water balance regulation?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have elevated ACTH. What would you expect to find in their blood?

Accepted Answer

Increased cortisol due to stimulation of the adrenal cortex

Question 8

Which of the following hormones is derived from tryptophan and is produced by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to low plasma Ca$$^{2+}$$ and acts to increase Ca$$^{2+}$$ levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the feedback inhibition mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

Accepted Answer

Hormone 2 inhibits the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, reducing further hormone release.

Question 11

Which hormone is co-secreted with insulin and acts to suppress glucagon, increase satiety, and decrease gastric emptying?

Accepted Answer

Amylin

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of increased thyroid hormone (TH) levels?

Accepted Answer

Constipation and depressed GI motility

Question 13

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation and is more potent in stimulating exercise-related functions?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

Which of the following hormones is a glycoprotein and is released from the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 15

Which hormone acts as a paracrine signal, is derived from arachidonic acid, and is associated with immune function?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandin

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary via a portal vessel, allowing regulatory hormones to reach endocrine cells.

Question 17

Which hormone is released in a pulsatile pattern due to hypothalamic stimulation and feedback inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Increase blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis

Question 19

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the activity of the anterior pituitary.

Endocrine System: Hormone Actions, Regulation, and Major Glands

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