Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function in human anatomy?

Accepted Answer

The thin walls of alveoli in the lungs facilitate rapid gas exchange.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which type of feedback mechanism is most likely to be activated to restore homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback, increasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of pH in a solution?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H}^+]$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a carbohydrate monomer and its polymer?

Accepted Answer

Glucose (monomer) and glycogen (polymer)

Question 6

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink because water moves out due to higher solute concentration outside.

Question 7

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 8

Which of the following best describes passive transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Question 9

Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for diffusion and filtration, and where is it commonly found?

Accepted Answer

Simple squamous epithelium; found in alveoli of lungs and lining of blood vessels.

Question 10

Which connective tissue type is characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix and transports nutrients, gases, and wastes?

Accepted Answer

Blood

Question 11

A muscle that is striated and under voluntary control is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins for secretion or membrane insertion

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a nucleic acid polymer and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

DNA (polymer) and nucleotide (monomer)

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have straight chains that pack tightly, while unsaturated fats have kinks due to double bonds.

Question 16

Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Which equation represents the relationship between osmotic pressure ($$\Pi$$), solute concentration ($$C$$), gas constant ($$R$$), and temperature ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = CRT$$

Question 18

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and not striated?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Provide ATP for active transport of ions across the membrane during nerve impulse transmission.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulate transport.

Exam 1 Review: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology (Chapters 1-4)

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