Exam 2 Review Guidance: Cell Cycle, Integumentary System, Bone & Joints

Study Guide - Smart Notes

Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.

Q1. What is cell theory?

Background

Topic: Cell Biology – Cell Theory

This question tests your understanding of the foundational principles that define what cells are and their role in living organisms.

Key Terms:

Cell theory
Cells
Organisms

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the three main tenets of cell theory. Think about what scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow contributed.
Consider why cells are considered the basic unit of life and how this relates to all living things.
Think about how new cells are formed and what this means for growth and repair in organisms.

Try summarizing the three main points of cell theory before checking the answer!

Q2. What is interphase?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle – Interphase

This question is about the longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and prepares for division.

Key Terms:

Interphase
Cell cycle
Growth, DNA replication, preparation for mitosis

Step-by-Step Guidance

Identify where interphase fits within the cell cycle (between cell divisions).
Recall the main activities that occur during interphase (growth, DNA replication, preparation for division).
Think about why interphase is important for the health and function of the cell.

Try describing interphase in your own words before revealing the answer!

Q3. What are the three subphases of interphase?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle – Interphase Subphases

This question asks you to identify and describe the three distinct stages within interphase.

Key Terms:

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the three subphases in order.
For each subphase, recall the main event (e.g., cell growth, DNA synthesis, preparation for mitosis).
Think about how each subphase prepares the cell for division.

Try to name and briefly describe each subphase before checking the answer!

Q4. How is DNA replicated?

Background

Topic: Molecular Biology – DNA Replication

This question tests your understanding of the process by which a cell copies its DNA before division.

Key Terms and Concepts:

DNA polymerase
Origin of replication
Semiconservative replication
Leading and lagging strands

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the enzymes involved in DNA replication and their roles (e.g., helicase, primase, DNA polymerase).
Think about how the double helix is unwound and how new nucleotides are added.
Consider the directionality of synthesis and the difference between leading and lagging strands.

Try outlining the main steps of DNA replication before revealing the answer!

Q5. What is M phase?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle – M Phase

This question is about the phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm.

Key Terms:

Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cell division

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall what events occur during M phase (nuclear division and cytoplasmic division).
Think about how M phase is subdivided (mitosis and cytokinesis).
Consider the importance of M phase for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

Try explaining what happens during M phase before checking the answer!

Q6. Explain mitosis. What is occurring at each phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)?

Background

Topic: Cell Division – Mitosis

This question asks you to describe the process of mitosis and the key events in each phase.

Key Terms:

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the four main phases of mitosis in order.
For each phase, recall the main events (e.g., chromosome condensation, alignment, separation, reformation of nuclei).
Think about how these steps ensure each daughter cell receives the correct genetic material.

Try describing what happens in each phase before revealing the answer!

Q7. Explain cytokinesis.

Background

Topic: Cell Division – Cytokinesis

This question is about the process that divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.

Key Terms:

Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
Cell plate (in plants)

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall when cytokinesis occurs in relation to mitosis.
Think about how the cytoplasm is divided in animal cells versus plant cells.
Consider the structures involved in this process (e.g., actin filaments, vesicles).

Try explaining the process of cytokinesis before checking the answer!

Q8. How does the cell cycle relate to our discussion on cancer?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer

This question tests your understanding of how disruptions in the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).

Key Terms:

Cell cycle checkpoints
Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Uncontrolled proliferation

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle and what happens if they fail.
Think about how mutations in certain genes can lead to loss of control over the cell cycle.
Consider how this loss of control can result in cancerous growth.

Try connecting cell cycle regulation to cancer development before revealing the answer!

Q9. What is the difference between dermis and epidermis?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Skin Structure

This question asks you to compare the two main layers of the skin.

Key Terms:

Dermis
Epidermis
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue

Step-by-Step Guidance

Identify the location of each layer relative to the surface of the body.
Recall the main tissue type and function of each layer.
Think about what structures are found in each layer.

Try listing the differences before checking the answer!

Q10. What are examples of accessory structures in the integumentary system?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Accessory Structures

This question is about the structures associated with the skin that have specialized functions.

Key Terms:

Hair
Nails
Glands (sebaceous, sweat)

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the main accessory structures found in the skin.
Think about the function of each structure.
Consider where these structures are located within the skin layers.

Try naming at least three accessory structures before revealing the answer!

Q11. What are the five strata of the epidermis?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Epidermal Layers

This question asks you to list and understand the layers of the epidermis, especially in thick skin.

Key Terms:

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the five layers in order from deepest to most superficial.
Recall the main function or characteristic of each layer.
Think about which layers are present in thin versus thick skin.

Try listing the five strata before checking the answer!

Q12. What is the function of dendritic cells, Merkel cells, and melanocytes?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Specialized Cells

This question is about the roles of specific cell types in the epidermis.

Key Terms:

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Merkel cells
Melanocytes

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the main function of each cell type (e.g., immune defense, sensation, pigment production).
Think about where each cell type is located within the epidermis.
Consider how these cells contribute to skin health and function.

Try matching each cell type to its function before revealing the answer!

Q13. What is the function of the dermis?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Dermis

This question asks you to describe the main roles of the dermis in the skin.

Key Terms:

Support
Nourishment
Sensory receptors
Blood supply

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the main functions of the dermis (structural support, nutrient supply, sensation, thermoregulation).
Think about the types of tissues and structures found in the dermis.
Consider how the dermis interacts with the epidermis and accessory structures.

Try listing at least two functions of the dermis before checking the answer!

Q14. What are the two layers of the dermis?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Dermal Layers

This question is about the structural organization of the dermis.

Key Terms:

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the names of the two layers and their relative positions.
Think about the main tissue type and function of each layer.
Consider what structures are found in each layer.

Try naming the two layers before revealing the answer!

Q15. What are skin markings?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Skin Markings

This question asks you to define and give examples of skin markings.

Key Terms:

Friction ridges
Flexure lines
Cleavage lines

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall what is meant by 'skin markings' and why they are important.
Think about examples of skin markings and where they are found.
Consider the functional significance of these markings.

Try listing two examples of skin markings before checking the answer!

Q16. What is a Haversian system? What is trabeculae?

Background

Topic: Bone Structure – Compact and Spongy Bone

This question is about the microscopic structure of bone tissue.

Key Terms:

Haversian system (osteon)
Trabeculae
Compact bone
Spongy bone

Step-by-Step Guidance

Define what a Haversian system is and where it is found.
Describe what trabeculae are and their location in bone.
Think about the function of each structure in bone strength and support.

Try defining both terms before revealing the answer!

Q17. What types of cells are in bone tissue?

Background

Topic: Bone Tissue – Cell Types

This question asks you to list and describe the main cell types found in bone tissue.

Key Terms:

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor cells

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the four main cell types in bone tissue.
Recall the function of each cell type (formation, maintenance, resorption, stem cells).
Think about where each cell type is located within bone tissue.

Try matching each cell type to its function before revealing the answer!

Q18. Where do blood vessels pass to enter bones?

Background

Topic: Bone Structure – Blood Supply

This question is about the anatomical features that allow blood vessels to enter and nourish bone tissue.

Key Terms:

Nutrient foramen
Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
Central (Haversian) canals

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the main openings and canals that allow blood vessels to enter bone.
Think about how these structures connect to the internal bone tissue.
Consider the importance of blood supply for bone health and repair.

Try naming the main entry points for blood vessels before revealing the answer!

Q19. What types of blood vessels were covered?

Background

Topic: Bone Structure – Blood Vessels

This question asks you to recall the different types of blood vessels that supply bone tissue.

Key Terms:

Nutrient arteries
Periosteal arteries
Metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the main types of arteries and veins that supply bones.
Recall where each type enters or supplies the bone.
Think about the role of each vessel in bone growth and maintenance.

Try listing at least two types of blood vessels before checking the answer!

Q20. Explain the two types of ossification (bone formation).

Background

Topic: Bone Development – Ossification

This question is about the two main processes by which bones are formed during development.

Key Terms:

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the definition of ossification and why it is important.
Describe the main steps of intramembranous ossification (direct bone formation from mesenchyme).
Describe the main steps of endochondral ossification (bone formation from a cartilage model).

Try outlining the two processes before revealing the answer!

Q21. How are bones grown in length and thickness?

Background

Topic: Bone Growth

This question asks you to explain the mechanisms by which bones increase in size during development and throughout life.

Key Terms:

Longitudinal growth (epiphyseal plate)
Appositional growth

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall how bones grow in length (through the epiphyseal plate).
Describe how bones grow in thickness (appositional growth at the periosteum).
Think about the cellular processes involved in each type of growth.

Try explaining both types of bone growth before revealing the answer!

Q22. What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate?

Background

Topic: Bone Growth – Epiphyseal Plate

This question is about the regions within the growth plate that contribute to bone elongation.

Key Terms:

Resting (reserve) zone
Proliferation zone
Hypertrophic zone
Calcification zone
Ossification zone

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the zones in order from epiphysis to diaphysis.
Recall the main activity in each zone (e.g., cell division, enlargement, calcification, bone deposition).
Think about how these zones contribute to bone lengthening.

Try naming the zones and their functions before revealing the answer!

Q23. What roles do hormones play in bone growth?

Background

Topic: Bone Growth Regulation – Hormones

This question asks you to explain how hormones influence bone development and maintenance.

Key Terms:

Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the main hormones involved in bone growth and remodeling.
Recall the effect of each hormone on bone cells and bone matrix.
Think about how hormonal imbalances can affect bone health.

Try matching each hormone to its effect before revealing the answer!

Q24. Explain bone remodeling.

Background

Topic: Bone Remodeling

This question is about the continuous process of bone resorption and formation throughout life.

Key Terms:

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Bone resorption
Bone deposition

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the two main processes involved in bone remodeling.
Describe the roles of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Think about why bone remodeling is important for health and adaptation.

Try outlining the steps of bone remodeling before revealing the answer!

Q25. What are the classifications of bone fractures?

Background

Topic: Bone Fractures – Classification

This question asks you to recall the different ways bone fractures are categorized.

Key Terms:

Simple (closed) fracture
Compound (open) fracture
Comminuted, greenstick, spiral, etc.

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the main categories of fractures (by position, completeness, orientation, skin penetration).
Recall examples of each type.
Think about how these classifications help guide treatment.

Try naming at least three types of fractures before revealing the answer!

Q26. How are fractures repaired?

Background

Topic: Bone Healing – Fracture Repair

This question is about the stages of bone healing after a fracture.

Key Terms:

Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus
Bone remodeling

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the sequence of events in fracture repair.
Describe what happens at each stage (from hematoma to remodeling).
Think about the cells and tissues involved in each step.

Try outlining the stages of fracture repair before revealing the answer!

Q27. What are the types of joints? All terminology of joints are fair game.

Background

Topic: Joints – Classification and Terminology

This question asks you to list and describe the main types of joints and their terminology.

Key Terms:

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Step-by-Step Guidance

List the three main structural types of joints.
Recall the functional classification (by movement allowed).
Think about examples of each type and their locations in the body.

Try matching each joint type to its function before revealing the answer!

Q28. What are the ways in which joints are classified?

Background

Topic: Joints – Classification

This question is about the criteria used to classify joints in the human body.

Key Terms:

Structural classification
Functional classification

Step-by-Step Guidance

Recall the two main ways joints are classified (structure and function).
Think about what each classification is based on (e.g., material, movement).
Consider examples for each classification type.

Try explaining both classification systems before revealing the answer!

Q29. Know examples of each type of joint.

Background

Topic: Joints – Examples

This question asks you to provide examples of each type of joint in the body.

Key Terms:

Fibrous: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Cartilaginous: synchondrosis, symphysis
Synovial: hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, etc.

Step-by-Step Guidance

List one example for each structural type of joint.
Recall the location of each example in the body.
Think about the movement allowed by each joint type.