Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for directly increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidney tubules, thus regulating sodium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory results show a serum potassium concentration of 2.5 mEq/L. What is the term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on body fluid osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption, which dilutes body fluids and decreases osmolarity.

Question 4

Which buffer system is the most important in the extracellular fluid (ECF) for regulating pH?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 5

A person is experiencing rapid, deep breathing after a panic attack. Which acid-base imbalance are they most at risk for developing?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

Which of the following equations represents the bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a sensible fluid loss?

Accepted Answer

Urine

Question 8

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete hydrogen ions efficiently. What acid-base imbalance are they most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to increased blood volume and acts to decrease sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why potassium imbalances are life-threatening?

Accepted Answer

Potassium is essential for the Na+/K+ pump, which maintains resting membrane potential in excitable cells.

Question 11

A patient has a blood pH of 7.50. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Alkalosis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium in the body?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic regulation of ECF

Question 13

If the pH of the blood drops, which direction does the bicarbonate buffer system shift?

Accepted Answer

Toward producing more $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$ and $$\mathrm{H^+}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the respiratory system in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

It acts within minutes to regulate blood pH by adjusting the rate of CO2 exhalation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a chemical buffer system active in both the intracellular fluid (ICF) and urine?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate buffer system

Question 16

A patient with severe vomiting loses a large amount of stomach acid. Which acid-base imbalance are they most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

It increases potassium secretion into the urine.

Question 18

Which of the following is the normal pH range for arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 - 7.45$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a physiologic buffer system that acts over hours to days to regulate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Urinary system

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why elderly individuals are at greater risk for dehydration?

Accepted Answer

They have a lower percentage of body water compared to young adults.

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology II

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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