Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the distribution of sodium ions in the body?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions are found in higher concentrations in the extracellular fluid (ECF) than in the intracellular fluid (ICF).

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness, cramps, and cardiac arrhythmias. Blood tests reveal a plasma pH of 7.48 and decreased potassium levels. Which acid-base disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating water conservation and activating the thirst center?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

If the extracellular fluid (ECF) becomes hypertonic relative to the intracellular fluid (ICF), what is the direction of water movement and why?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from ICF to ECF because the ECF has a higher solute concentration.

Question 5

Which equation represents the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 6

A marathon runner is experiencing dehydration. Which of the following is most likely occurring in their body?

Accepted Answer

Water loss outpaces water gains, leading to decreased ECF volume.

Question 7

Which buffer system is most effective in resisting changes in pH caused by organic and fixed acids in the ECF?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 8

A patient with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which acid-base disorder due to loss of bicarbonate ions?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases Na+ absorption and decreases K+ loss along the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 10

Which of the following is a major cause of metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Depletion of bicarbonate reserve

Question 11

What is the normal range for plasma pH in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 - 7.45$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a limitation of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

It cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO2 levels.

Question 13

During respiratory acidosis, which compensatory mechanism is activated to restore acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Renal compensation increases H+ secretion and HCO3- generation.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) on fluid and electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

They reduce thirst and block the release of ADH and aldosterone.

Question 15

A patient is hyperventilating and develops respiratory alkalosis. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Dizziness, lightheadedness, and confusion due to decreased CO2.

Question 16

Which of the following is a fixed acid produced during the catabolism of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Sulfuric acid

Question 17

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will gain water and swell, possibly leading to hemolysis.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes metabolic water production in humans?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic water is produced by oxidizing energy-containing substances in food.

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

Potassium (K+)

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: ANP College Study Guide

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