Question 1

Which of the following is the dominant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and contributes most to its osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 2

A patient presents with lethargy, confusion, and seizures. Laboratory results show low sodium levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Excessive water consumption

Question 3

Which buffer system is most important in regulating pH in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system ($$H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+)$$

Question 4

During hyperventilation, which of the following changes occurs in the body’s acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis due to decreased $$CO_2$$

Question 5

Which mechanism is responsible for the temporary suppression of thirst after drinking a small amount of liquid?

Accepted Answer

Distension of the stomach

Question 6

A patient with severe diarrhea is at risk for which type of acid-base imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 7

Which of the following equations represents the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

$$H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+$$

Question 8

Which of the following is the primary route for water loss in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Urine excretion

Question 9

A patient with muscle weakness, tetany, and convulsions is found to have low magnesium levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Alcoholism

Question 10

Which of the following ions is most important for establishing the resting membrane potential in excitable cells?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$K^+)$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a major effect of acidosis on the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Depression of the central nervous system

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 13

Which of the following is a major symptom of hypernatremia when accompanied by increased water volume?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain, edema, elevated blood pressure, and bounding pulse

Question 14

Which of the following ions is the predominant extracellular anion?

Accepted Answer

Chloride ($$Cl^-)$$

Question 15

A patient with rapid cardiac repolarization, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea is most likely suffering from which electrolyte imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 16

Which of the following is a major site for calcium regulation in the body?

Accepted Answer

Bones

Question 17

Which of the following is a cause of hypophosphatemia?

Accepted Answer

Reduced intestinal absorption due to vitamin D deficiency

Question 18

Which of the following is the normal pH range for body fluids?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 - 7.45$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a major effect of alkalosis on the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Hyperexcitability

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-life scenario that can lead to metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Excessive consumption of antacids

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: ANP Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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