Question 1

A 70-kg healthy adult male has approximately 40 L of total body water. Based on the distribution of body fluids, how much of this water is found in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment?

Accepted Answer

$$25\ 	ext{L}$$

Question 2

Which hormone is released from the atrial wall of the heart in response to increased blood volume and acts as a diuretic by increasing sodium and water loss in urine?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

Question 3

A patient presents with muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and a serum potassium level of $$2.8\ 	ext{mEq/L}. $$Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased capillary blood pressure on fluid movement?

Accepted Answer

It increases the movement of fluid from blood to interstitial fluid.

Question 5

Which of the following is the largest fluid compartment in the body?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular fluid

Question 6

A marathon runner collapses after the race and is found to have confusion, headache, and a serum sodium of $$128\ 	ext{mEq/L}. $$What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 7

Which of the following is a nonelectrolyte commonly found in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 8

A patient with severe burns is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance due to loss of sodium-free fluid?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why elderly individuals are at higher risk for dehydration?

Accepted Answer

They have increased fat content and decreased muscle tissue, which lowers total body water.

Question 10

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates total body water volume?

Accepted Answer

Adjusting fluid output, mainly through urine volume

Question 11

A patient with fatigue, muscle weakness, diminished reflexes, and a serum calcium of $$12.0\ 	ext{mg/dL} is $$most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

ADH decreases urine volume by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 13

A patient with pitting edema is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased interstitial fluid volume

Question 14

Which of the following is a major cation found in the intracellular fluid compartment?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$	ext{K}^+)$$

Question 15

A patient is given a massive infusion of sodium-free IV solution. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on kidney function?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium and water reabsorption, decreasing urine volume.

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely consequence of water intoxication?

Accepted Answer

Electrolyte imbalance and neurological impairment

Question 18

A patient with muscle cramping, twitching, hyperactive reflexes, and a serum calcium of $$7.5\ 	ext{mg/dL} is $$most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a person with prolonged diarrhea is at risk for hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

Loss of water exceeds loss of sodium, concentrating sodium in the ECF.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best definition of an electrolyte?

Accepted Answer

A compound that dissociates in water to form ions

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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