Q: Which equation best represents the rate of axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as facilitated by Schwann cells?

$$\text{Rate} = 1 \text{ mm/day}$$ \, \text{(small nerves)} \, \text{or} \, 5 \text{ mm/day}$$ \, \text{(large nerves)}$$

Q: Which equation would you use to estimate the time required for a Schwann cell to guide axonal regeneration over a distance of 15 mm in a large nerve?

$$t = \frac{15 \text{ mm}}{5 \text{ mm/day}}$$

Question 1

Which glial cell is primarily responsible for forming myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 2

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by which of the following pathological processes?

Accepted Answer

Demyelination of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier by:

Accepted Answer

Sealing capillaries with their 'feet' to regulate substance entry

Question 4

Which equation best represents the rate of axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as facilitated by Schwann cells?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Rate} = 1 	ext{ mm/day}$$ \, 	ext{(small nerves)} \, 	ext{or} \, 5 	ext{ mm/day}$$ \, 	ext{(large nerves)}$$

Question 5

Which glial cell is most likely to release damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) when excessively activated, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases?

Accepted Answer

Microglia

Question 6

A patient with a peripheral nerve injury is most likely to experience axonal regeneration due to the action of which cell?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Form myelin in the CNS

Question 8

Which glial cell lines the fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

Accepted Answer

Ependymal cell

Question 9

Which equation best describes the velocity of electrical signaling in a myelinated axon compared to an unmyelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

$$v_{myelinated} \u003e v_{unmyelinated}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a major difference between CNS and PNS glial cells regarding synapse repair after injury?

Accepted Answer

PNS glia can form a regeneration tube to guide axon repair, while CNS glia tend to form scar tissue that prevents synapse reformation

Question 11

Which glial cell surrounds the cell body of sensory neurons in the PNS, providing structural support?

Accepted Answer

Satellite cell

Question 12

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of impaired myelination in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Paralysis or numbness due to improper neuronal signaling

Question 13

Which glial cell is most abundant in the CNS and is capable of communicating with each other in calcium waves?

Accepted Answer

Astrocyte

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of ependymal cells?

Accepted Answer

Line fluid-filled cavities and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Question 15

Which equation would you use to estimate the time required for a Schwann cell to guide axonal regeneration over a distance of 15 mm in a large nerve?

Accepted Answer

$$t = \frac{15 	ext{ mm}}{5 	ext{ mm/day}}$$

Question 16

Which glial cell is involved in cleaning up foreign invaders and damaged cells in the CNS, but can also contribute to neurodegenerative diseases when overactivated?

Accepted Answer

Microglia

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of oligodendrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Form myelin around axons in the CNS

Question 18

Which glial cell is most likely to contribute to the formation of scar tissue after CNS injury, preventing synapse reformation?

Accepted Answer

Astrocyte

Question 19

Which of the following is a key environmental factor associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Accepted Answer

Living further from the equator with less sunlight exposure

Question 20

Which glial cell provides structural support and insulation for axons in the PNS?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Glial Cells and Myelination in the Nervous System

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