BackGuided Study: Chapter 19 – Blood (ANP College Course)
Study Guide - Smart Notes
Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.
Q1. Describe the composition of blood.
Background
Topic: Blood Composition
This question tests your understanding of the main components that make up blood and their relative proportions.
Key Terms:
Plasma: The liquid matrix of blood.
Formed elements: The cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall that blood is a connective tissue with both liquid and cellular components.
Identify the liquid portion (plasma) and its approximate percentage of total blood volume.
List the formed elements and their relative percentages: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Consider the function of each component as you describe them.
Try summarizing the composition before checking the answer!
Q2. What are formed elements?
Background
Topic: Blood Cell Types
This question asks you to define what is meant by 'formed elements' in blood.
Key Terms:
Formed elements: The cellular and cell fragment components of blood.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the three main types of formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Think about what distinguishes these from plasma.
Try defining 'formed elements' in your own words!
Q3. List the functions of blood.
Background
Topic: Blood Functions
This question tests your knowledge of the various roles blood plays in the body.
Key Concepts:
Transport (gases, nutrients, wastes)
Regulation (temperature, pH, fluid balance)
Protection (immune response, clotting)
Step-by-Step Guidance
List at least three major functions of blood.
For each function, provide a brief example or explanation.
Try listing the functions before checking the answer!
Q4. What are the functions of major plasma proteins?
Background
Topic: Plasma Proteins
This question focuses on the roles of the main proteins found in blood plasma.
Key Terms:
Albumin
Immune proteins (globulins)
Transport proteins
Clotting proteins
Step-by-Step Guidance
Identify each major plasma protein by name.
Describe the primary function of each protein.
Consider how these proteins contribute to homeostasis and protection.
Try matching each protein to its function before checking the answer!
Q5. What are erythrocytes?
Background
Topic: Red Blood Cells
This question asks you to define erythrocytes and their role in the blood.
Key Terms:
Erythrocyte: Another term for red blood cell.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the main function of erythrocytes in the circulatory system.
Think about their structure and how it relates to their function.
Try defining erythrocytes before checking the answer!
Q6. What is the structure of erythrocytes?
Background
Topic: Red Blood Cell Structure
This question tests your knowledge of the unique shape and features of erythrocytes.
Key Terms:
Biconcave disc: The shape of erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin: The oxygen-carrying protein inside erythrocytes.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Describe the overall shape of erythrocytes and why it is important.
Mention the absence of certain organelles and how this affects function.
Note the presence of hemoglobin and its significance.
Try sketching or describing the structure before checking the answer!
Q7. What is the function of erythrocytes?
Background
Topic: Red Blood Cell Function
This question focuses on the main physiological role of erythrocytes.
Key Concept:
Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide transport)
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the primary gas that erythrocytes transport.
Think about how their structure supports this function.
Try stating the function before checking the answer!
Q8. Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin.
Background
Topic: Hemoglobin
This question tests your understanding of the molecular structure of hemoglobin and its role in oxygen transport.
Key Terms:
Polypeptide subunits: Alpha and beta chains.
Heme group: Contains iron, binds oxygen.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Describe the quaternary structure of hemoglobin (number and type of subunits).
Explain the role of the heme group and iron in oxygen binding.
Discuss how hemoglobin's structure allows it to carry oxygen efficiently.
Try outlining the structure and function before checking the answer!
Q9. What is the function of erythropoietin?
Background
Topic: Hormonal Regulation of Blood
This question focuses on the hormone that regulates red blood cell production.
Key Terms:
Erythropoietin (EPO): Hormone produced by the kidneys.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall which organ produces erythropoietin.
Describe its effect on erythrocyte production in the bone marrow.
Try explaining the function before checking the answer!
Q10. When is erythropoietin released?
Background
Topic: Regulation of Erythropoiesis
This question asks about the physiological trigger for erythropoietin release.
Key Concept:
Blood oxygen levels and kidney chemoreceptors
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about what the kidneys monitor in the blood.
Describe the sequence of events that leads to erythropoietin secretion.
Try identifying the trigger before checking the answer!
Q11. What is the function of the hematopoietic stem cell?
Background
Topic: Blood Cell Formation
This question tests your knowledge of the origin of blood cells.
Key Terms:
Hematopoietic stem cell: Multipotent stem cell in bone marrow.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what types of cells hematopoietic stem cells can become.
Describe their role in maintaining blood cell populations.
Try stating the function before checking the answer!
Q12. Where is the hematopoietic stem cell located?
Background
Topic: Bone Marrow
This question asks you to identify the anatomical location of these stem cells.
Key Concept:
Red bone marrow as the site of hematopoiesis
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the difference between red and yellow bone marrow.
Identify which type contains hematopoietic stem cells.
Try recalling the location before checking the answer!
Q13. A. How does the body break down erythrocytes?
Background
Topic: Erythrocyte Lifecycle
This question focuses on the process of erythrocyte destruction and recycling.
Key Concepts:
Spleen, macrophages, hemoglobin breakdown
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall where old erythrocytes are trapped and destroyed.
Describe the role of macrophages in this process.
List the breakdown products of hemoglobin.
Try outlining the breakdown process before checking the answer!
Q13. B. Which components of hemoglobin are conserved after death?
Background
Topic: Hemoglobin Recycling
This question asks you to identify which parts of hemoglobin are reused.
Key Concepts:
Amino acids and iron ions
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the fate of each hemoglobin component after erythrocyte destruction.
Identify which are recycled and how they are used.
Try identifying the conserved components before checking the answer!
Q13. C. Which component of hemoglobin is excreted after death?
Background
Topic: Hemoglobin Catabolism
This question focuses on the waste product of hemoglobin breakdown.
Key Concept:
Bilirubin excretion
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the fate of the heme group after erythrocyte destruction.
Describe how bilirubin is processed and eliminated from the body.
Try stating the excreted component before checking the answer!
Q14. What is hematocrit?
Background
Topic: Blood Analysis
This question asks you to define a key measurement in blood tests.
Key Term:
Hematocrit: Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall how hematocrit is measured in a blood sample.
Think about what a normal range might indicate.
Try defining hematocrit before checking the answer!
Q15. How can it indicate anemia?
Background
Topic: Clinical Significance of Hematocrit
This question tests your understanding of how hematocrit relates to oxygen-carrying capacity.
Key Concept:
Low hematocrit and anemia
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what anemia is and how it affects the body.
Explain how a low hematocrit value reflects this condition.
Try explaining the connection before checking the answer!
Q16. What is the function of each formed element of blood? Describe the characteristics of each one.
Background
Topic: Blood Cell Types and Functions
This question asks you to match each formed element with its function and key features.
Key Terms:
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Thrombocyte (platelet)
Step-by-Step Guidance
List each formed element and its main function.
Describe a distinguishing structural or functional characteristic for each.
Consider their relative abundance in blood.
Try matching each element to its function and feature before checking the answer!
Q17. What are the relative frequencies of WBCs in the differential white count?
Background
Topic: White Blood Cell Distribution
This question tests your knowledge of the normal proportions of different leukocytes.
Key Terms:
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the mnemonic "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" to remember the order of abundance.
List the approximate percentage for each type.
Try recalling the percentages before checking the answer!
Q18. Describe these mechanisms of hemostasis: vascular spasm, platelet aggregation, coagulation (intrinsic, extrinsic, common pathways).
Background
Topic: Hemostasis
This question asks you to explain the steps involved in stopping blood loss after vessel injury.
Key Terms:
Vascular spasm, Platelet aggregation, Coagulation, Intrinsic pathway, Extrinsic pathway, Common pathway
Step-by-Step Guidance
Describe the initial response (vascular spasm) and its purpose.
Explain how platelets are activated and form a plug.
Outline the coagulation cascade, distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Describe how the common pathway leads to fibrin formation.
Try outlining each step before checking the answer!
Q19. A. Describe the blood types (ABO and Rh).
Background
Topic: Blood Typing
This question tests your understanding of the antigens and antibodies involved in blood types.
Key Terms:
Type A, B, AB, O; Rh+ and Rh-
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the antigens present on RBCs for each ABO type.
Describe the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
Try describing each blood type before checking the answer!
Q19. B. What antigens are found on RBCs?
Background
Topic: Blood Antigens
This question asks you to identify the surface markers on red blood cells.
Key Terms:
A antigen, B antigen, Rh antigen
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall which antigens are present for each blood type.
List all possible antigens that can be found on RBCs.
Try listing the antigens before checking the answer!
Q19. C. What antibodies are found in the plasma?
Background
Topic: Blood Antibodies
This question focuses on the immune proteins present in plasma that react with foreign antigens.
Key Terms:
Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh antibodies
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the rule: the body makes antibodies against antigens it does not have.
List the antibodies present for each blood type.
Try matching antibodies to blood types before checking the answer!
Q20. What is erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)?
Background
Topic: Blood Type Incompatibility
This question tests your understanding of Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.
Key Concepts:
Maternal-fetal blood type incompatibility, anti-Rh antibodies, prevention
Step-by-Step Guidance
Describe the scenario in which this condition occurs (Rh- mother, Rh+ fetus).
Explain how maternal antibodies can affect the fetus.
Discuss how this condition can be prevented.