$$\text{Glucose uptake} = \text{Insulin concentration} \times \text{Cell sensitivity}$$

$$\text{TSH} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid} \rightarrow \text{T3/T4} \rightarrow \text{Negative feedback to hypothalamus}$$

$$\text{Na}^+ \text{reabsorption} \uparrow, \text{K}^+ \text{secretion} \uparrow$$

Question 1

Which hormone is primarily produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland, as seen in the histological image of the thyroid?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hypercalcemia. Which gland and hormone are most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid gland; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 3

In the adrenal gland histology, which zone is responsible for producing mineralocorticoids, and what is the main mineralocorticoid?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa; aldosterone

Question 4

Which cell type in the Islet of Langerhans produces insulin, and what is the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; decreases blood glucose

Question 5

A patient with Addison's disease has a deficiency in which hormone, and which adrenal zone is affected?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; zona fasciculata

Question 6

Which equation best represents the relationship between insulin and glucose uptake in cells?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glucose uptake} = 	ext{Insulin concentration} 	imes 	ext{Cell sensitivity}$$

Question 7

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium release from bones

Question 8

In the anterior pituitary, which cell type produces growth hormone, and what is the effect of growth hormone on protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Acidophils; increases protein synthesis

Question 9

A patient with Cushing's syndrome has elevated levels of which hormone, and which adrenal zone is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; zona fasciculata

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla, and what is its primary physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 11

Which equation describes the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{TSH} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid} ightarrow 	ext{T3/T4} ightarrow 	ext{Negative feedback to hypothalamus}$$

Question 12

Which cell type in the anterior pituitary produces ACTH, and what is the target organ for ACTH?

Accepted Answer

Basophils; adrenal cortex

Question 13

A patient with diabetes mellitus type 1 has a deficiency in which cell type and hormone?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; insulin

Question 14

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland, and what is the effect on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

TSH; increases metabolic rate

Question 15

Which equation best represents the effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Na}^+ 	ext{reabsorption} \uparrow, 	ext{K}^+ 	ext{secretion} \uparrow$$

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by alpha cells in the Islet of Langerhans, and what is its effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose

Question 17

Which cell type in the anterior pituitary produces prolactin, and what is the primary function of prolactin?

Accepted Answer

Acidophils; stimulates milk production

Question 18

A patient with Graves' disease will have elevated levels of which hormone, and what is the effect on basal metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); increases basal metabolic rate

Question 19

Which equation best represents the negative feedback loop controlling cortisol secretion?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CRH} ightarrow 	ext{ACTH} ightarrow 	ext{Cortisol} ightarrow 	ext{Negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary}$$

Question 20

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress, and what is its effect on glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases glycogenolysis

Histology and Function of Endocrine Glands and Blood Cells

Study Guide - Practice Questions