Question 1

Which of the following best describes the classic method for identifying an endocrine gland responsible for a specific hormone?

Accepted Answer

Removing the suspected gland, observing for abnormalities, and then replacing the hormone to see if normal function returns.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hormone excess. Laboratory tests reveal high levels of cortisol, low levels of ACTH, and low levels of CRH. Based on the feedback pathway, where is the most likely site of pathology?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are water-soluble and bind to cell surface receptors.

Question 4

Which hormone interaction describes a scenario where two hormones produce a greater effect together than the sum of their individual effects?

Accepted Answer

Synergism

Question 5

What is the primary mechanism by which steroid hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Binding to intracellular receptors and acting as transcription factors

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones cannot be stored in secretory vesicles?

Accepted Answer

They are lipophilic and diffuse freely across membranes.

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with secondary hypersecretion of cortisol. Which hormone levels would you expect to be elevated?

Accepted Answer

ACTH and cortisol

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It consists of two capillary beds connected by portal veins, concentrating hormones for delivery to the anterior pituitary.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of peptide hormone synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones are synthesized as preprohormones, processed to prohormones in the ER, and then cleaved to active hormones in secretory vesicles.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that requires permissiveness to exert its full effect?

Accepted Answer

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone requires thyroid hormone for full reproductive maturation.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about hormone degradation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hormones are degraded into inactive metabolites by enzymes in the kidneys and liver.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about neurohormones?

Accepted Answer

They are chemical signals released into the blood by neurons.

Question 13

A patient with hyperinsulinemia develops decreased responsiveness to insulin. What is the most likely cellular mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Downregulation of insulin receptors

Question 14

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the feedback regulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol provides long-loop negative feedback to both the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

Question 16

Which of the following is a functional antagonist to insulin?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the storage and release of posterior pituitary hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are synthesized in the hypothalamus, transported down axons, and released from the posterior pituitary.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why only a small amount of unbound steroid hormone is needed to produce a physiological response?

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins continuously release bound hormone to maintain the unbound fraction.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about amine hormones derived from tyrosine?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines bind to cell membrane receptors and act rapidly.

Question 20

A scientist discovers a new molecule that is secreted into the blood, acts at very low concentrations, and binds to a distant target cell receptor. Which of the following best classifies this molecule?

Accepted Answer

Hormone

Introduction to the Endocrine System: Hormones, Mechanisms, and Pathologies

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