$$1 \text{ glucose} + 6 \text{ O}_2 \rightarrow 30-32 \text{ ATP}$$

$$2 \text{ ATP}, 2 \text{ NADH}, 2 \text{ pyruvate}$$

$$1 \text{ g carbohydrate} = 4 \text{ cal}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down organic substances to release energy, while anabolism uses energy to build new organic molecules.

Question 2

A patient is fasting and has not eaten for 18 hours. Which energy reserves will the body primarily use to maintain blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Triglycerides from adipose tissue and glycogen from the liver

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from the complete aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$1 	ext{ glucose} + 6 	ext{ O}_2 ightarrow 30-32 	ext{ ATP}$$

Question 4

During glycolysis, which of the following is produced from one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$2 	ext{ ATP}, 2 	ext{ NADH}, 2 	ext{ pyruvate}$$

Question 5

Which process is responsible for the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids or glycerol?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 6

A person with lactose intolerance experiences gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming dairy. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient production of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why glucose is the preferred energy source for most cells during rest?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is a small, soluble molecule that can be quickly mobilized and metabolized both aerobically and anaerobically.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about lipid digestion and absorption is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bile salts emulsify lipids in the duodenum, allowing pancreatic lipase to digest triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in cholesterol transport?

Accepted Answer

HDL carries cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for breakdown.

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with Kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease. Which symptom is most likely to be observed?

Accepted Answer

Edema due to decreased blood albumin

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the caloric value of macronutrients?

Accepted Answer

$$1 	ext{ g carbohydrate} = 4 	ext{ cal}$$

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the absorptive state following a meal?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines and spleen to the liver.

Question 14

Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble and essential for blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 15

A person is experiencing rapid weight loss, fatigue, and is consuming less than 500 calories per day. Which eating disorder is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Anorexia nervosa

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why a balanced diet is important for homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It supplies all essential nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, electrolytes, and water.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of electrolytes in the body?

Accepted Answer

They conduct energy and regulate fluid balance.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of leptin in appetite regulation?

Accepted Answer

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and signals satiety to the hypothalamus.

Question 19

Which of the following metabolic pathways occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology II

Study Guide - Practice Questions